(a) Identification. Methyl methacrylate for aneurysmorrhaphy (repair of aneurysms, which are balloonlike sacs formed on blood vessels) is a self-curing acrylic used to encase and reinforce intracranial aneurysms that are not amenable to conservative management, removal, or obliteration by aneurysm clip.

(b) Classification. Class II (performance standards).

(a) Identification. A biofeedback device is an instrument that provides a visual or auditory signal corresponding to the status of one or more of a patient's physiological parameters (e.g., brain alpha wave activity, muscle activity, skin temperature, etc.) so that the patient can control voluntarily these physiological parameters.

(b) Classification. Class II (special controls). The device is exempt from the premarket notification procedures in subpart E of part 807 of this chapter when it is a prescription battery powered device that is indicated for relaxation training and muscle reeducation and prescription use, subject to § 882.9.

[44 FR 51730, Sept. 4, 1979, as amended at 63 FR 59229, Nov. 3, 1998]

(a) Identification. A conditioning tool for eating disorders is a prescription device that non-invasively measures the mass of food eaten during a meal and provides feedback in the form of eating rate, patient satiety, and eating pattern information to the patient.

(b) Classification. Class II (special controls). The special controls for this device are:

(1) Nonclinical performance testing must demonstrate:

(i) Device measurement accuracy and repeatability; and

(ii) Device feedback accuracy.

(2) Software verification, validation, and hazard analysis must be performed.

(3) The patient-contacting components of the device must be demonstrated to be biocompatible.

(4) Performance testing must demonstrate the electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) and electrical safety of the device.

(5) Labeling and patient labeling must be provided which includes the following:

(i) Information identifying and explaining how to use the device and its components; and

(ii) Information on how the device operates and the typical course of treatment.

[86 FR 68403, Dec. 2, 2021]

(a) Identification. A bite block is a device inserted into a patient's mouth to protect the tongue and teeth while the patient is having convulsions.

(b) Classification. Class II (performance standards).

(a) Identification. An intravascular occluding catheter is a catheter with an inflatable or detachable balloon tip that is used to block a blood vessel to treat malformations, e.g., aneurysms (balloonlike sacs formed on blood vessels) of intracranial blood vessels.

(b) Classification. Class III (premarket approval).

(c) Date PMA or notice of completion of a PDP is required. A PMA or a notice of completion of a PDP is required to be filed with the Food and Drug Administration on or before December 26, 1996 for any intravascular occluding catheter that was in commercial distribution before May 28, 1976, or that has, on or before December 26, 1996 been found to be substantially equivalent to an intravascular occluding catheter that was in commercial distribution before May 28, 1976. Any other intravascular occluding catheter shall have an approved PMA or a declared completed PDP in effect before being placed in commercial distribution.

[44 FR 51730, Sept. 4, 1979, as amended at 52 FR 17740, May 11, 1987; 61 FR 50708, Sept. 27, 1996]

(a) Identification. A carotid artery clamp is a device that is surgically placed around a patient's carotid artery (the principal artery in the neck that supplies blood to the brain) and has a removable adjusting mechanism that protrudes through the skin of the patient's neck. The clamp is used to occlude the patient's carotid artery to treat intracranial aneurysms (balloonlike sacs formed on blood vessels) or other intracranial vascular malformations that are difficult to attach directly by reducing the blood pressure and blood flow to the aneurysm or malformation.

(b) Classification. Class II (performance standards).

(a) Identification. An aneurysm clip is a device used to occlude an intracranial aneurysm (a balloonlike sac formed on a blood vessel) to prevent it from bleeding or bursting.

(b) Classification. Class II (performance standards).

(a) Identification. An implanted malleable clip is a bent wire or staple that is forcibly closed with a special instrument to occlude an intracranial blood vessel or aneurysm (a balloonlike sac formed on a blood vessel), stop bleeding, or hold tissue or a mechanical device in place in a patient.

(b) Classification. Class II (performance standards).

(a) Identification. An aversive conditioning device is an instrument used to administer an electrical shock or other noxious stimulus to a patient to modify undesirable behavioral characteristics.

(b) Classification. Class II (special controls), except for electrical stimulation devices for self-injurious or aggressive behavior. Electrical stimulation devices for self-injurious or aggressive behavior are banned. See § 895.105 of this chapter.

[44 FR 51730, Sept. 4, 1979, as amended at 85 FR 13354, Mar. 6, 2020]

(a) Identification. A burr hole cover is a plastic or metal device used to cover or plug holes drilled into the skull during surgery and to reattach cranial bone removed during surgery.

(b) Classification. Class II (performance standards).

(a) Identification. A nerve cuff is a tubular silicone rubber sheath used to encase a nerve for aid in repairing the nerve (e.g., to prevent ingrowth of scar tissue) and for capping the end of the nerve to prevent the formation of neuroma (tumors).

(b) Classification. Class II (performance standards).

(a) Identification. Methyl methacrylate for cranioplasty (skull repair) is a self-curing acrylic that a surgeon uses to repair a skull defect in a patient. At the time of surgery, the surgeon initiates polymerization of the material and forms it into a plate or other appropriate shape to repair the defect.

(b) Classification. Class II (performance standards).

(a) Identification. A preformed alterable cranioplasty plate is a device that is implanted into a patient to repair a skull defect. It is constructed of a material, e.g., tantalum, that can be altered or reshaped at the time of surgery without changing the chemical behavior of the material.

(b) Classification. Class II (performance standards).

(a) Identification. A preformed nonalterable cranioplasty plate is a device that is implanted in a patient to repair a skull defect and is constructed of a material, e.g., stainless steel or vitallium, that cannot be altered or reshaped at the time of surgery without changing the chemical behavior of the material.

(b) Classification. Class II (performance standards).

(a) Identification. A cranioplasty plate fastener is a screw, wire, or other article made of tantalum, vitallium, or stainless steel used to secure a plate to the patient's skull to repair a skull defect.

(b) Classification. Class II (performance standards).

(a) Identification. A lesion temperature monitor is a device used to monitor the tissue temperature at the site where a lesion (tissue destruction) is to be made when a surgeon uses a radiofrequency (RF) lesion generator and probe.

(b) Classification. Class II (performance standards).

(a) Identification. A central nervous system fluid shunt is a device or combination of devices used to divert fluid from the brain or other part of the central nervous system to an internal delivery site or an external receptacle for the purpose of relieving elevated intracranial pressure or fluid volume (e.g., due to hydrocephalus). Components of a central nervous system shunt include catheters, valved catheters, valves, connectors, and other accessory components intended to facilitate use of the shunt or evaluation of a patient with a shunt.

(b) Classification. Class II (performance standards).

(a) Identification. A cerebrospinal fluid shunt system is a prescription device used to monitor and divert fluid from the brain or other part of the central nervous system to an internal delivery site or an external receptacle for the purpose of preventing spinal cord ischemia or injury during procedures that require reduction in central nervous system pressure. A cerebrospinal fluid shunt system may include catheters, valved catheters, valves, connectors, and pressure monitors intended to facilitate use of the shunt or evaluation of a patient with a shunt.

(b) Classification. Class II (special controls). The special controls for this device are:

(1) The device description must include a detailed summary of the device technical parameters, including design configuration, dimensions, engineering drawings, and a list of all components with identification of their materials of construction.

(2) The patient-contacting components of the device must be demonstrated to be biocompatible.

(3) Non-clinical performance testing must demonstrate that the device performs as intended under anticipated conditions of use. The following performance characteristics must be tested:

(i) Simulated use testing must be conducted to characterize fluid flow and resistance to leakage; and

(ii) Mechanical integrity testing of all connections must be conducted.

(4) Performance data must support the shelf life of the device by demonstrating continued sterility, package integrity, and device functionality over the specified shelf life.

(5) Performance data must demonstrate the sterility and pyrogenicity of patient-contacting components of the device.

(6) The labeling must include:

(i) Contraindications with respect to patients who should not receive a lumbar drain;

(ii) A warning that the device should have 24-hour-a-day availability of trained personnel to supervise monitoring and drainage;

(iii) Instructions on proper device setup, positioning, and monitoring;

(iv) Warnings and precautions to inform the user of serious hazards and special care associated with the use of the device;

(v) A statement that the device is not to be reused, reprocessed, or resterilized when open but unused; and

(vi) Cleaning instructions for the injection sites.

[86 FR 73975, Dec. 29, 2021]

(a) Identification. A neurovascular mechanical thrombectomy device for acute ischemic stroke treatment is a prescription device used in the treatment of acute ischemic stroke to improve clinical outcomes. The device is delivered into the neurovasculature with an endovascular approach, mechanically removes thrombus from the body, and restores blood flow in the neurovasculature.

(b) Classification. Class II (special controls). The special controls for this device are:

(1) The patient contacting components of the device must be demonstrated to be biocompatible.

(2) Non-clinical performance testing must demonstrate that the device performs as intended under anticipated conditions of use, including:

(i) Mechanical testing to demonstrate the device can withstand anticipated tensile, torsional, and compressive forces.

(ii) Mechanical testing to evaluate the radial forces exerted by the device.

(iii) Non-clinical testing to verify the dimensions of the device.

(iv) Non-clinical testing must demonstrate the device can be delivered to the target location in the neurovasculature and retrieve simulated thrombus under simulated use conditions.

(v) Non-clinical testing must demonstrate the device is radiopaque and can be visualized.

(vi) Non-clinical testing must evaluate the coating integrity and particulates under simulated use conditions.

(vii) Animal testing must evaluate the safety of the device, including damage to the vessels or tissue under anticipated use conditions.

(3) Performance data must support the sterility and pyrogenicity of the patient contacting components of the device.

(4) Performance data must support the shelf-life of the device by demonstrating continued sterility, package integrity, and device functionality over the specified shelf-life.

(5) Clinical performance testing of the device must demonstrate the device performs as intended for use in the treatment of acute ischemic stroke and must capture any adverse events associated with the device and procedure.

(6) The labeling must include:

(i) Information on the specific patient population for which the device is intended for use in the treatment of acute ischemic stroke, including but not limited to, specifying time from symptom onset, vessels or location of the neurovasculature that can be accessed for treatment, and limitations on core infarct size.

(ii) Detailed instructions on proper device preparation and use for thrombus retrieval from the neurovasculature.

(iii) A summary of the clinical testing results, including a detailed summary of the device- and procedure-related complications and adverse events.

(iv) A shelf life.

[81 FR 94253, Dec. 23, 2016]

(a) Identification. A thermal system for insomnia is a prescription device for use in patients with insomnia that is used to apply a specified temperature to the skin surface.

(b) Classification. Class II (special controls). The special controls for this device are:

(1) The patient-contacting components of the device must be demonstrated to be biocompatible.

(2) Performance testing must demonstrate electromagnetic compatibility and electrical safety.

(3) Non-clinical performance testing must demonstrate that the device performs as intended under anticipated conditions of use. The following performance characteristics must be evaluated:

(i) Thermal performance of the device, including maintenance of the target temperature, must be evaluated under simulated use conditions.

(ii) Mechanical testing to demonstrate the device can withstand forces under anticipated use conditions.

(iii) Mechanical testing to demonstrate the device is resistant to leakage under anticipated use conditions.

(4) Software verification, validation, and hazard analysis must be performed.

(5) Patient labeling must be provided to convey information regarding safe use of the device, including instructions for assembly.

[81 FR 44772, July 11, 2016]

(a) Identification. A digital therapy device to reduce sleep disturbance for psychiatric conditions is a prescription device that is intended to provide stimulation using a general purpose computing platform to reduce sleep disturbance in patients who experience this symptom due to psychiatric conditions such as nightmare disorder or post-traumatic stress disorder.

(b) Classification. Class II (special controls). The special controls for this device are:

(1) Clinical performance testing under the labeled conditions for use must evaluate the following:

(i) The ability of the device to provide therapy for patients with sleep disturbance due to psychiatric conditions, using a validated measure;

(ii) Worsening of any condition-specific symptoms using a validated measure for assessment of the particular condition; and

(iii) Increase in symptoms of disturbed sleep or sleepiness using a validated measure.

(2) Software must clearly describe all features and functions of the software implementing the digital therapy. Software verification, validation, and hazard analysis must also be provided.

(3) The labeling must include the following:

(i) Patient and physician labeling must include instructions for use, including images that demonstrate how to interact with the device;

(ii) Patient and physician labeling must list the minimum operating system and general purpose computing requirements that support the software of the device;

(iii) Patient and physician labeling must include a warning that the digital therapy device is not intended for use as a stand-alone therapeutic device;

(iv) Patient and physician labeling must include a warning that the digital therapy device does not represent a substitution for the patient's medication; and

(v) Physician labeling must include a summary of the clinical performance testing conducted with the device.

[88 FR 2223, Jan. 13, 2023]

(a) Identification. A cranial electrotherapy stimulator is a prescription device that applies electrical current that is not intended to induce a seizure to a patient's head to treat psychiatric conditions.

(b) Classification. (1) Class II (special controls) when intended to treat insomnia and/or anxiety. The special controls for this device are:

(i) A detailed summary of the clinical testing pertinent to use of the device to demonstrate the effectiveness of the device to treat insomnia and/or anxiety.

(ii) Components of the device that come into human contact must be demonstrated to be biocompatible.

(iii) The device must be designed and tested for electrical safety and electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) in its intended use environment.

(iv) Appropriate software verification, validation, and hazard analysis must be performed.

(v) The technical parameters of the device, including waveform, output mode, pulse duration, frequency, train delivery, maximum charge, and energy, must be fully characterized and verified.

(vi) The labeling for the device must include the following:

(A) The intended use population and the intended use environment;

(B) A warning that patients should be monitored by their physician for signs of worsening;

(C) A warning that instructs patients on how to mitigate the risk of headaches, and what to do should a headache occur;

(D) A warning that instructs patients on how to mitigate the risk of dizziness, and what to do should dizziness occur;

(E) A detailed summary of the clinical testing, which includes the clinical outcomes associated with the use of the device, and a summary of adverse events and complications that occurred with the device;

(F) Instructions for use that address where to place the electrodes, what stimulation parameters to use, and duration and frequency of treatment sessions. This information must be based on the results of clinical studies for the device;

(G) A detailed summary of the device technical parameters, including waveform, output mode, pulse duration, frequency, train delivery, and maximum charge and energy; and

(H) Information on validated methods for reprocessing any reusable components between uses.

(vii) Cranial electrotherapy stimulator devices marketed prior to the effective date of this reclassification must have an amendment submitted to the previously cleared premarket notification (510(k)) demonstrating compliance with these special controls.

(2) Class III (premarket approval) when intended to treat depression.

(c) Date premarket approval application (PMA) or notice of completion of product development protocol (PDP) is required. A PMA or notice of completion of a PDP is required to be filed with the Food and Drug Administration on or before March 19, 2020, for any cranial electrotherapy stimulator device with an intended use described in paragraph (b)(2) of this section, that was in commercial distribution before May 28, 1976, or that has, on or before March 19, 2020, been found to be substantially equivalent to any cranial electrotherapy stimulator device with an intended use described in paragraph (b)(2) of this section, that was in commercial distribution before May 28, 1976. Any other cranial electrotherapy stimulator device with an intended use described in paragraph (b)(2) of this section shall have an approved PMA or declared completed PDP in effect before being placed in commercial distribution.

[84 FR 70013, Dec. 20, 2019]

(a) Identification. A computerized behavioral therapy device for psychiatric disorders is a prescription only device intended to provide a computerized version of condition-specific behavioral therapy as an adjunct to clinician supervised outpatient treatment to patients with psychiatric conditions. The digital therapy is intended to provide patients access to therapy tools used during treatment sessions to improve recognized treatment outcomes.

(b) Classification. Class II (special controls). The special controls for this device are:

(1) Clinical data must be provided to fulfill the following:

(i) Describe a validated model of behavioral therapy for the psychiatric disorder; and

(ii) Validate the model of behavioral therapy as implemented by the device.

(2) Software must be described in detail in the software requirements specification (SRS) and software design specification (SDS). Software verification, validation, and hazard analysis must be performed. Software documentation must demonstrate that the device effectively implements the behavioral therapy model.

(3) The following labeling must be provided:

(i) Patient and physician labeling must include instructions for use, including images that demonstrate how to interact with the device.

(ii) Patient and physician labeling must list compatible devices.

(iii) Patient and physician labeling must include a warning that the device is not intended for use as a standalone therapy.

(iv) Patient and physician labeling must include a warning that the device does not represent a substitution for the patient's medication.

(v) Physician labeling must include a summary of the clinical testing with the device.

[82 FR 61167, Dec. 27, 2017]

(a) Identification. A transcranial magnetic stimulation system for neurological and psychiatric disorders and conditions is a prescription, non-implantable device that uses brief duration, rapidly alternating, or pulsed, magnetic fields to induce neural activity in the cerebral cortex. It is not intended for applying or focusing magnetic fields towards brain areas outside cerebral cortex (e.g., cerebellum). A repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation system that is intended to treat major depressive disorder is classified in § 882.5805. A transcranial magnetic stimulation system for headache is classified in § 882.5808.

(b) Classification. Class II (special controls). The special controls for this device are:

(1) Performance testing must demonstrate electromagnetic compatibility, electrical safety, and thermal safety.

(2) Software verification, validation, and hazard analysis must be performed.

(3) The patient-contacting components of the device must be demonstrated to be biocompatible.

(4) Non-clinical performance testing must demonstrate that the device performs as intended under anticipated conditions of use. The following performance characteristics must be tested:

(i) Magnetic pulse output testing;

(ii) Magnetic and electrical field testing;

(iii) Testing of the safety features built into the device; and

(iv) Testing of the sound levels patients are exposed to during device use.

(5) The physician and patient labeling must include the following:

(i) The risks and benefits associated with use of the device;

(ii) Detailed instructions to prevent seizures, to monitor the patient for seizure activity during treatment, and to provide seizure management care if one were to occur during treatment; and

(iii) A description of the ear protection to be worn by the patient during use of the device, including the type of protection and its noise reduction rating.

[84 FR 9230, Mar. 14, 2019]

(a) Identification. A digital therapy device for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a software intended to provide therapy for ADHD or any of its individual symptoms as an adjunct to clinician supervised treatment.

(b) Classification. Class II (special controls). The special controls for this device are:

(1) Clinical performance testing must demonstrate and document the following under the labeled conditions for use, which include considerations for the ability of the device to:

(i) Use a validated measure to evaluate effectiveness of device to provide therapy for ADHD or any of its individual symptoms; and

(ii) Capture all adverse events.

(2) Software must be described and provided in a clear and detailed manner to include all features and functions of the software implementing the digital therapy. Software verification, validation, and hazard analysis must also be provided.

(3) The labeling must include the following items:

(i) Patient and physician labeling must include instructions for use, including images that demonstrate how to interact with the device;

(ii) Patient and physician labeling must list the minimum operating system (OS) requirements that support the software of the device;

(iii) Patient and physician labeling must include a warning that the digital therapy device is not intended for use as a standalone therapeutic device;

(iv) Patient and physician labeling must include a warning that the digital therapy device does not represent a substitution for the patient's medication; and

(v) Physician labeling must include a summary of the clinical performance testing conducted with the device.

[89 FR 71156, Sept. 3, 2024]

(a) Identification. A repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation system is an external device that delivers transcranial repetitive pulsed magnetic fields of sufficient magnitude to induce neural action potentials in the prefrontal cortex to treat the symptoms of major depressive disorder without inducing seizure in patients who have failed at least one antidepressant medication and are currently not on any antidepressant therapy.

(b) Classification. Class II (special controls). The special control is FDA's “Class II Special Controls Guidance Document: Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation System.” See § 882.1(e) for the availability of this guidance document.

[76 FR 44491, July 26, 2011]

(a) Identification. A transcranial magnetic stimulator device for headache is a device that delivers brief duration, rapidly alternating, or pulsed, magnetic fields that are externally directed at spatially discrete regions of the brain to induce electrical currents for the treatment of headache.

(b) Classification. Class II (special controls). The special controls for this device are:

(1) Appropriate analysis/testing must demonstrate electromagnetic compatibility, electrical safety, and thermal safety.

(2) Appropriate verification, validation, and hazard analysis must be performed on the device software and firmware.

(3) The elements of the device that contact the patient must be assessed to be biocompatible.

(4) Non-clinical testing data must demonstrate that the device performs as intended under anticipated conditions of use. This includes full characterization of the magnetic pulse output and resulting magnetic field map. This also includes characterization of the sound level of the device during use.

(5) Clinical testing must demonstrate that the device is safe and effective for treating headache in the indicated patient population.

(6) The physician and patient labeling must include the following:

(i) A summary of the clinical performance testing, including any adverse events and complications.

(ii) The intended use population in terms of the types of headaches appropriate for use with the device.

(iii) Information on how to report adverse events and device malfunctions.

(iv) A diagram or picture depicting the proper placement of the device on the user.

[78 FR 38458, July 8, 2014]

(a) Identification. An external functional neuromuscular stimulator is an electrical stimulator that uses external electrodes for stimulating muscles in the leg and ankle of partially paralyzed patients (e.g., after stroke) to provide flexion of the foot and thus improve the patient's gait.

(b) Classification. Class II (performance standards).

(a) Identification. An implanted cerebellar stimulator is a device used to stimulate electrically a patient's cerebellar cortex for the treatment of intractable epilepsy, spasticity, and some movement disorders. The stimulator consists of an implanted receiver with electrodes that are placed on the patient's cerebellum and an external transmitter for transmitting the stimulating pulses across the patient's skin to the implanted receiver.

(b) Classification. Class III (premarket approval).

(c) Date premarket approval application (PMA) or notice of completion of a product development protocol (PDP) is required. A PMA or notice of completion of a PDP is required to be filed with the Food and Drug Administration on or before September 26, 1984. Any implanted cerebellar stimulator that was not in commercial distribution before May 28, 1976, or that has not on or before September 26, 1984 been found by FDA to be substantially equivalent to an implanted cerebellar stimulator that was in commercial distribution before May 28, 1976 shall have an approved PMA or declared completed PDP in effect before beginning commercial distribution.

[44 FR 51730, Sept. 4, 1979, as amended at 49 FR 26574, June 28, 1984]

(a) Identification. An implanted diaphragmatic/phrenic nerve stimulator is a device that provides electrical stimulation of a patient's phrenic nerve to contract the diaphragm rhythmically and produce breathing in patients who have hypoventilation (a state in which an abnormally low amount of air enters the lungs) caused by brain stem disease, high cervical spinal cord injury, or chronic lung disease. The stimulator consists of an implanted receiver with electrodes that are placed around the patient's phrenic nerve and an external transmitter for transmitting the stimulating pulses across the patient's skin to the implanted receiver.

(b) Classification. Class III (premarket approval).

(c) Date premarket approval application (PMA) or notice of completion of a product development protocol (PDP) is required. A PMA or a notice of completion of a PDP is required to be filed with the Food and Drug Administration on or before July 7, 1986 for any implanted diaphragmatic/phrenic nerve stimulator that was in commercial distribution before May 28, 1976, or that has on or before July 7, 1986 been found to be substantially equivalent to an implanted diaphragmatic/phrenic nerve stimulator that was in commercial distribution before May 28, 1976. Any other implanted diaphragmatic/phrenic nerve stimulator shall have an approved PMA or a declared completed PDP in effect before being placed in commercial distribution.

[44 FR 51730, Sept. 4, 1979, as amended at 51 FR 12101, Apr. 8, 1986]

(a) Identification. An implanted intracerebral/subcortical stimulator for pain relief is a device that applies electrical current to subsurface areas of a patient's brain to treat severe intractable pain. The stimulator consists of an implanted receiver with electrodes that are placed within a patient's brain and an external transmitter for transmitting the stimulating pulses across the patient's skin to the implanted receiver.

(b) Classification. Class III (premarket approval).

(c) Date premarket approval application (PMA) or notice of completion of a product development protocol (PDP) is required. A PMA or a notice of completion of a PDP is required to be filed with the Food and Drug Administration on or before March 1, 1989, for any implanted intracerebral/subcortical stimulator for pain relief that was in commercial distribution before May 28, 1976, or that has on or before March 1, 1989, been found to be substantially equivalent to an implanted intracerebral/subcortical stimulator for pain relief that was in commercial distribution before May 28, 1976. Any other implanted intracerebral/subcortical stimulator for pain relief shall have an approved PMA or a declared completed PDP in effect before being placed in commercial distribution.

[44 FR 51730, Sept. 4, 1979, as amended at 53 FR 48621, Dec. 1, 1988]

(a) Identification. An implanted spinal cord stimulator for bladder evacuation is an electrical stimulator used to empty the bladder of a paraplegic patient who has a complete transection of the spinal cord and who is unable to empty his or her bladder by reflex means or by the intermittent use of catheters. The stimulator consists of an implanted receiver with electrodes that are placed on the conus medullaris portion of the patient's spinal cord and an external transmitter for transmitting the stimulating pulses across the patient's skin to the implanted receiver.

(b) Classification. Class III (premarket approval).

(c) Date PMA or notice of completion of a PDP is required. A PMA or a notice of completion of a PDP is required to be filed with the Food and Drug Administration on or before December 26, 1996 for any implanted spinal cord stimulator for bladder evacuation that was in commercial distribution before May 28, 1976, or that has, on or before December 26, 1996 been found to be substantially equivalent to an implanted spinal cord stimulator for bladder evacuation that was in commercial distribution before May 28, 1976. Any other implanted spinal cord stimulator for bladder evacuation shall have an approved PMA or a declared completed PDP in effect before being placed in commercial distribution.

[44 FR 51730, Sept. 4, 1979, as amended at 52 FR 17740, May 11, 1987; 61 FR 50708, Sept. 27, 1996]

(a) Identification. The brain stimulation programming planning software is a prescription device intended to assist in planning stimulation programming for implanted brain stimulators.

(b) Classification. Class II (special controls). The special controls for this device are:

(1) Software verification, validation, and hazard analysis must be performed.

(2) Usability assessment must demonstrate that the intended user(s) can safely and correctly use the device.

(3) Labeling must include:

(i) The implanted brain stimulators for which the device is compatible.

(ii) Instructions for use.

(iii) Instructions and explanations of all user-interface components.

(iv) A warning regarding use of the data with respect to not replacing clinical judgment.

[88 FR 751, Jan. 5, 2023]

(a) Identification. An implanted neuromuscular stimulator is a device that provides electrical stimulation to a patient's peroneal or femoral nerve to cause muscles in the leg to contract, thus improving the gait in a patient with a paralyzed leg. The stimulator consists of an implanted receiver with electrodes that are placed around a patient's nerve and an external transmitter for transmitting the stimulating pulses across the patient's skin to the implanted receiver. The external transmitter is activated by a switch in the heel in the patient's shoe.

(b) Classification. Class III (premarket approval).

(c) Date PMA or notice of completion of PDP is required. A PMA or notice of completion of a PDP for a device described in paragraph (b) of this section is required to be filed with the Food and Drug Administration on or before July 13, 1999 for any implanted neuromuscular stimulator that was in commercial distribution before May 28, 1976, or that has, on or before July 13, 1999, been found to be substantially equivalent to an implanted neuromuscular stimulator that was in commercial distribution before May 28, 1976. Any other implanted neuromuscular stimulator shall have an approved PMA or declared completed PDP in effect before being placed in commercial distribution.

[44 FR 51730, Sept. 4, 1979, as amended at 52 FR 17740, May 11, 1987; 64 FR 18329, Apr. 14, 1999]

(a) Identification. An implanted peripheral nerve stimulator for pain relief is a device that is used to stimulate electrically a peripheral nerve in a patient to relieve severe intractable pain. The stimulator consists of an implanted receiver with electrodes that are placed around a peripheral nerve and an external transmitter for transmitting the stimulating pulses across the patient's skin to the implanted receiver.

(b) Classification. Class II (performance standards).

[44 FR 51730, Sept. 4, 1979, as amended at 78 FR 18234, Mar. 26, 2013]

(a) Identification. An implanted spinal cord stimulator for pain relief is a device that is used to stimulate electrically a patient's spinal cord to relieve severe intractable pain. The stimulator consists of an implanted receiver with electrodes that are placed on the patient's spinal cord and an external transmitter for transmitting the stimulating pulses across the patient's skin to the implanted receiver.

(b) Classification. Class II (performance standards).

(a) Identification. A transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulator for pain relief is a device used to apply an electrical current to electrodes on a patient's skin to treat pain.

(b) Classification. Class II (performance standards).

(a) Identification. A transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulator to treat headache is a device used to apply an electrical current to a patient's cranium through electrodes placed on the skin.

(b) Classification. Class II (special controls). The special controls for this device are:

(1) The patient-contacting components of the device must be demonstrated to be biocompatible.

(2) Appropriate analysis/testing must validate electromagnetic compatibility and electrical, mechanical, and thermal safety.

(3) The technical parameters of the device, including waveform, output modes, maximum output voltage and current (with 500, 2,000, and 10,000 ohm loads), pulse duration, frequency, net charge (µC) per pulse, maximum phase charge at 500 ohms, maximum current density (mA/cm 2, r.m.s.), maximum average current (mA), maximum average power density (W/cm 2), and the type of impedance monitoring system must be fully characterized.

(4) Electrical performance, adhesive integrity, shelf life, reusability, and current distribution testing of the electrodes must be conducted.

(5) Appropriate software verification, validation, and hazard analysis must be performed.

(6) Clinical performance data must demonstrate that the device is safe and effective as a treatment for headache in the indicated patient population.

(7) Labeling must include the following:

(i) Appropriate contraindications such as not for use in subjects with an implanted metallic or electronic device in the head, a cardiac pacemaker, or an implanted or wearable defibrillator.

(ii) Appropriate warnings such as not to apply the device on the neck or chest, not to use the device in the presence of electronic monitoring equipment, not to use in the bath or shower, not to use while sleeping, not to use while driving, not to use while operating machinery.

(iii) Appropriate precautions such as the long-term effects of chronic use of the device are unknown.

(iv) A summary of the expected risks and benefits of using the device.

(v) A summary of the clinical performance data, including information on the patient population for which the device has and has not been demonstrated to be effective, and any adverse events and complications.

(vi) Information on how the device operates and the typical sensations experienced during treatment.

(vii) A detailed summary of the device technical parameters.

(viii) An expiration date/shelf life for the electrodes and the number of times they can be reused.

(ix) Disposal instructions.

[79 FR 37948, July 3, 2014]

(a) Identification. An external vagal nerve stimulator for headache is a prescription device used to apply an electrical current to a patient's vagus nerve through electrodes placed on the skin for the treatment of headache.

(b) Classification. Class II (special controls). The special controls for this device are:

(1) The technical parameters of the device, including waveform, output modes, maximum output voltage and current (with 500, 2,000, and 10,000 ohm loads), pulse duration, frequency, net charge (µC) per pulse, maximum phase charge at 500 ohms, maximum current density (mA/cm 2, r.m.s.), maximum average current (mA), maximum average power density (W/cm 2), and the type of impedance monitoring system shall be fully characterized through non-clinical performance testing.

(2) Software verification, validation, and hazard analysis shall be performed.

(3) Biocompatibility evaluation of the patient-contacting components of the device shall be performed.

(4) The device shall be tested for electrical, thermal, and mechanical safety, and for electromagnetic compatibility (EMC).

(5) The labeling must include:

(i) Instructions for proper use of the device, including placement of the device on the patient; and

(ii) Instructions on care and cleaning of the device.

[82 FR 61169, Dec. 27, 2017]

(a) Identification. The thermal vestibular stimulator for headache is a prescription device used to stimulate the vestibular system by applying thermal waveforms through earpieces placed in a patient's ear canal for the treatment of headache.

(b) Classification. Class II (special controls). The special controls for this device are:

(1) The patient-contacting components of the device must be demonstrated to be biocompatible.

(2) Performance testing must validate electromagnetic compatibility and electrical, mechanical, and thermal safety.

(3) The technical parameters of the device, including waveform outputs and temperature limits, must be identified.

(4) Cleaning validation of earpieces must be conducted.

(5) Software verification, validation, and hazard analysis must be performed.

(6) Labeling must include the following:

(i) Information on how the device operates and the typical sensations experienced during treatment;

(ii) A detailed summary of the device's technical parameters; and

(iii) Instructions for maintenance and cleaning of the device.

[83 FR 52973, Oct. 19, 2018]

(a) Identification. A limited output transcutaneous piezoelectric stimulator for skin reactions associated with insect bites is a device intended to alleviate skin reactions associated with insect bites via cutaneous, piezoelectric stimulation at the local site of the bite.

(b) Classification. Class II (special controls). The special controls for this device are:

(1) Appropriate testing to characterize the electrical output specifications of the device (i.e., total charge delivered, maximum instantaneous output current, maximum instantaneous output voltage, pulse duration, charge density) must be conducted.

(2) Mechanical bench testing must demonstrate that the device will withstand the labeled number duration of uses.

(3) All elements of the device that may contact the patient must be assessed to be biocompatible.

(4) Labeling must include:

(i) Validated instructions which addresses the following:

(A) Identification of areas of the body which are appropriate and not appropriate for contact with the device.

(B) Whether use of the device in conjunction with flammable materials (e.g., insect repellent) is appropriate.

(C) Use of the device on or near implanted devices.

(D) How to identify the correct type of skin condition.

(ii) Technical parameters of the device (maximum output voltage (instantaneous), maximum output current (instantaneous), and pulse duration).

(iii) Language to direct end users to contact the device manufacturer and MedWatch if they experience any adverse events with this device.

(iv) The anticipated number of device uses prior to failure.

[80 FR 15165, Mar. 23, 2015]

(a) Identification. A vibratory counter-stimulation device is a prescription device that provides electrically powered mechanical vibration to improve the quality of sleep in patients with primary Restless Legs Syndrome.

(b) Classification. Class II (special controls). The device is exempt from the premarket notification procedures in subpart E of part 807 of this chapter subject to the limitations in § 882.9. The special controls for this device are:

(1) Appropriate analysis/testing must demonstrate electromagnetic compatibility (EMC), electrical safety, and thermal safety.

(2) If the device contains software or firmware, appropriate verification, validation, and hazard analysis must be performed.

(3) The elements of the device that contact the patient must be assessed to be biocompatible.

(4) Non-clinical testing data (including vibration frequency, amplitude, and acceleration) must demonstrate that the device performs as intended under anticipated conditions of use.

(5) Labeling must include:

(i) Specific information pertinent to use of the device by the intended patient population and the treatment regimen;

(ii) Warning to only use the device on normal, intact, clean, healthy skin;

(iii) Warning to not use the device if the user has leg skin disorders, such as eczema, psoriasis, cellulitis, non-healing wounds;

(iv) Warning to discontinue use if Restless Leg Syndrome symptoms worsen; and

(v) Instructions for end users to contact the device manufacturer and MedWatch in case they experience any adverse events when using this device.

[82 FR 13554, Mar. 14, 2017, as amended at 84 FR 71815, Dec. 30, 2019]

(a) Identification. A percutaneous nerve stimulator for substance use disorders is a device that stimulates nerves percutaneously to aid in the reduction of withdrawal symptoms associated with substance use disorders.

(b) Classification. Class II (special controls). The special controls for this device are:

(1) The patient-contacting components of the device must be demonstrated to be biocompatible.

(2) Electromagnetic compatibility and electrical, mechanical, and thermal safety testing must be performed.

(3) Electrical performance testing of the device and electrodes must be conducted to validate the specified electrical output and duration of stimulation of the device.

(4) Software verification, validation, and hazard analysis must be performed.

(5) Sterility testing of the percutaneous components of the device must be performed.

(6) Shelf life testing must be performed to demonstrate continued sterility, package integrity, and device functionality over the specified shelf life.

(7) Labeling must include the following:

(i) A detailed summary of the device technical parameters;

(ii) A warning stating that the device is only for use on clean, intact skin;

(iii) Instructions for use, including placement of the device on the patient; and

(iv) A shelf life.

[83 FR 5034, Feb. 5, 2018]

(a) Identification. An external upper limb tremor stimulator is a prescription device which is placed externally on the upper limb and designed to aid in tremor symptom relief of the upper limb.

(b) Classification. Class II (special controls). The special controls for this device are:

(1) Non-clinical performance testing must assess the following:

(i) Characterization of the electrical stimulation, including the following, must be performed: Waveforms, output modes, maximum output voltage, maximum output current, pulse duration, frequency, net charge per pulse, maximum phase charge at 500 ohms, maximum current density, maximum average current, and maximum average power density.

(ii) Impedance testing, current distribution across the electrode surface area, adhesive integrity, and shelf life testing of the electrodes and gels must be conducted.

(iii) Simulated use testing of sensor performance and the associated algorithms that determine the stimulation output must be conducted.

(2) Patient-contacting components of the device must be demonstrated to be biocompatible.

(3) Performance testing must demonstrate electrical, thermal, and mechanical safety along with electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) of the device in the intended use environment.

(4) Software verification, validation, and hazard analysis must be performed.

(5) Physician and patient labeling must include:

(i) Summaries of electrical stimulation parameters;

(ii) Instructions on how to correctly use and maintain the device;

(iii) Instructions and explanations of all user-interface components;

(iv) Instructions on how to clean the device;

(v) A shelf life for the electrodes and gel; and

(vi) Reuse information.

[83 FR 52316, Oct. 17, 2018]

(a) Identification. A transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulator for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a prescription device that stimulates transcutaneously or percutaneously through electrodes placed on the forehead.

(b) Classification. Class II (special controls). The special controls for this device are:

(1) The patient-contacting components of the device must be demonstrated to be biocompatible.

(2) Performance testing must demonstrate the electromagnetic compatibility and electrical, mechanical, and thermal safety of the device.

(3) Non-clinical performance testing must demonstrate that the device performs as intended under anticipated conditions of use. The following must be performed:

(i) Electrical performance testing must validate electrical output and duration of stimulation;

(ii) Battery performance testing must be performed; and

(iii) Adhesive integrity testing of the electrodes must be conducted.

(4) The technical parameters of the device including waveform, maximum output current and voltage, pulse duration, frequency, net charge per pulse, maximum current density, maximum average current, and maximum average power density must be fully characterized.

(5) Software verification, validation, and hazard analysis must be performed.

(6) Shelf life testing of the electrodes must be performed to demonstrate continued package integrity and component functionality over the labeled shelf life.

(7) Labeling must include the following:

(i) A contraindication for patients with an implanted metallic or electronic device in the head, a cardiac pacemaker, or an implanted or wearable defibrillator;

(ii) A warning that the device is only for use on clean, intact skin;

(iii) Information on how the device operates and the typical sensations experienced during treatment;

(iv) A detailed summary of the device technical parameters;

(v) A shelf life for the electrodes;

(vi) Instructions for use, including placement of the device on the patient; and

(vii) Cleaning instructions.

[86 FR 70377, Dec. 10, 2021]

(a) Identification. A trunk and limb electrical stimulator to treat headache is a device intended to treat headache through the application of electrical stimulation anywhere on the body of the patient apart from the patient's head or neck through electrodes placed on the skin. The stimulation may be provided transcutaneously or percutaneously.

(b) Classification. Class II (special controls). The special controls for this device are:

(1) Non-clinical performance testing must demonstrate that the device performs as intended under anticipated conditions of use. This testing must include:

(i) Characterization of the electrical stimulation, including the following: Waveforms; output modes; maximum output voltage and maximum output current (at 500Ω, 2kΩ, and 10kΩ loads); pulse duration; frequency; net charge per pulse; and maximum phase charge, maximum current density, maximum average current, and maximum average power density (at 500Ω);

(ii) Characterization of the impedance monitoring system; and

(iii) Characterization of the electrode performance including the electrical performance, adhesive integrity, shelf-life, reusability, and current distribution of the electrode surface area.

(2) The patient-contacting components of the device must be demonstrated to be biocompatible.

(3) Performance testing must demonstrate electromagnetic compatibility and electrical, mechanical, and thermal safety in the intended use environment.

(4) Software verification, validation, and hazard analysis must be performed.

(5) Labeling must include the following:

(i) Instructions for use, including the typical sensations experienced during treatment;

(ii) A detailed summary of the electrical stimulation output, and the device technical parameters, including any wireless specifications;

(iii) A shelf life for the electrodes and reuse information; and

(iv) Instructions on care and cleaning of the device.

[86 FR 68401, Dec. 2, 2021]

(a) Identification. A preformed craniosynostosis strip is a plastic strip used to cover bone edges of craniectomy sites (sites where the skull has been cut) to prevent the bone from regrowing in patients whose skull sutures are abnormally fused together.

(b) Classification. Class II (performance standards).

(a) Identification. A dura substitute is a sheet or material that is used to repair the dura mater (the membrane surrounding the brain).

(b) Classification. Class II (performance standards).

(a) Identification. An electroconvulsive therapy device is a prescription device, including the pulse generator and its stimulation electrodes, used for treating severe psychiatric disturbances by inducing in the patient a major motor seizure by applying a brief intense electrical current to the patient's head.

(b) Classification. (1) Class II (special controls) when the device is intended to treat catatonia or a severe major depressive episode (MDE) associated with major depressive disorder (MDD) or bipolar disorder (BPD) in patients age 13 years and older who are treatment-resistant or who require a rapid response due to the severity of their psychiatric or medical condition. The special controls for this device are:

(i) The technical parameters of the device, including waveform, output mode, pulse duration, frequency, train delivery, maximum charge and energy, and the type of impedance monitoring system must be fully characterized to ensure that the device performance characteristics are consistent with existing clinical performance data.

(ii) Non-clinical testing data must confirm the electrical characteristics of the output waveform.

(iii) Components of the device that come into human contact must be demonstrated to be biocompatible.

(iv) Performance data must demonstrate electrical and mechanical safety and the functioning of all safety features built into the device including the static and dynamic impedance monitoring system.

(v) Appropriate analysis/testing must validate electromagnetic compatibility.

(vi) Appropriate software verification, validation, and hazard analysis must be performed.

(vii) Performance data must demonstrate electrical performance, adhesive integrity, and physical and chemical stability of the stimulation electrodes.

(viii) The labeling for the device must include the following:

(A) Information related to generic adverse events associated with electroconvulsive therapy device (ECT) treatment;

(B) Instructions must contain the following specific recommendations to the user of the device:

(1) Conduct of pre-ECT medical and psychiatric assessment (including pertinent medical and psychiatric history, physical examination, anesthesia assessment, dental assessment, and other studies as clinically appropriate);

(2) Use of patient monitoring during the procedure;

(3) Use of general anesthesia and neuromuscular blocking agents;

(4) Use of mouth/dental protection during the procedure;

(5) Use of EEG monitoring until seizure termination;

(6) Instructions on electrode placement, including adequate skin preparation and use of conductive gel; and

(7) Cognitive status monitoring prior to beginning ECT and during the course of treatment via formal neuropsychological assessment for evaluating specific cognitive functions (e.g., orientation, attention, memory, executive function).

(C) Clinical training needed by users of the device;

(D) Information on the patient population in which the device is intended to be used;

(E) Information on how the device operates and the typical course of treatment;

(F) A detailed summary of the clinical testing, which includes the clinical outcomes associated with the use of the device, and a summary of adverse events and complications that occurred with the device;

(G) A detailed summary of the device technical parameters;

(H) Where appropriate, validated methods and instructions for reprocessing of any reusable components;

(I) The following statement, prominently placed: “Warning: ECT device use may be associated with: disorientation, confusion, and memory problems”; and

(J) Absent performance data demonstrating a beneficial effect of longer term use, generally considered treatment in excess of 3 months, the following statement, prominently placed: “Warning: When used as intended this device provides short-term relief of symptoms. The long-term safety and effectiveness of ECT treatment has not been demonstrated.”

(ix) Patient labeling must be provided and include:

(A) Relevant contraindications, warnings, precautions;

(B) A summation of the clinical testing, which includes the clinical outcomes associated with the use of the device, and a summary of adverse events and complications that occurred with the device;

(C) Information on how the device operates and the typical course of treatment;

(D) The potential benefits;

(E) Alternative treatments;

(F) The following statement, prominently placed: “Warning: ECT device use may be associated with: Disorientation, confusion, and memory problems”;

(G) Absent performance data demonstrating a beneficial effect of longer term use, generally considered treatment in excess of 3 months, the following statement, prominently placed: “Warning: When used as intended this device provides short-term relief of symptoms. The long-term safety and effectiveness of ECT treatment has not been demonstrated”; and

(H) The following statements on known risks of ECT, absent performance data demonstrating that these risks do not apply:

(1) ECT treatment may be associated with disorientation, confusion and memory loss, including short-term (anterograde) and long-term (autobiographical) memory loss following treatment. Based on the majority of clinical evidence, these side effects tend to go away within a few days to a few months after the last treatment with ECT. Although the incidence of permanent cognitive memory loss was not supported by the clinical literature, some patients have reported a permanent loss of memories of personal life events (i.e., autobiographical memory);

(2) Patients treated with ECT may experience manic symptoms (including euphoria and/or irritability, impulsivity, racing thoughts, distractibility, grandiosity, increased activity, talkativeness, and decreased need for sleep) or a worsening of the psychiatric symptoms they are being treated for; and

(3) The physical risks of ECT may include the following (in order of frequency of occurrence):

(i) Pain/somatic discomfort (including headache, muscle soreness, and nausea);

(ii) Skin burns;

(iii) Physical trauma (including fractures, contusions, injury from falls, dental and oral injury);

(iv) Prolonged or delayed onset seizures;

(v) Pulmonary complications (hypoxemia, hypoventilation, aspiration, upper-airway obstruction);

(vi) Cardiovascular complications (cardiac arrhythmias, heart attack, high or low blood pressure, and stroke); and

(vii) Death.

(2) Classification: Class III (premarket approval) for the following intended uses: schizophrenia, bipolar manic states, schizoaffective disorder, schizophreniform disorder, and catatonia or a severe MDE associated with MDD or BPD in:

(i) Patients under 13 years or

(ii) Patients 13 years and older who are not treatment-resistant or who do not require a rapid response due to the severity of their psychiatric or medical condition.

(c) Date premarket approval application (PMA) or notice of completion of product development protocol (PDP) is required. A PMA or notice of completion of a PDP is required to be filed with FDA on or before March 26, 2019, for any electroconvulsive therapy device with an intended use described in paragraph (b)(2) of this section, that was in commercial distribution before May 28, 1976, or that has, on or before March 26, 2019, been found to be substantially equivalent to any electroconvulsive therapy device with an intended use described in paragraph (b)(2) of this section, that was in commercial distribution before May 28, 1976. Any other electroconvulsive therapy device with an intended use described in paragraph (b)(2) of this section shall have an approved PMA or declared completed PDP in effect before being placed in commercial distribution.

[83 FR 66123, Dec. 26, 2018]

(a) Identification. A neurovascular embolization device is an intravascular implant intended to permanently occlude blood flow to cerebral aneurysms and cerebral ateriovenous malformations. This does not include cyanoacrylates and other embolic agents, which act by polymerization or precipitation. Embolization devices used in other vascular applications are also not included in this classification, see § 870.3300.

(b) Classification. Class II (special controls.) The special control for this device is the FDA guidance document entitled “Class II Special Controls Guidance Document: Vascular and Neurovascular Embolization Devices.” For availability of this guidance document, see § 882.1(e).

[69 FR 77900, Dec. 29, 2004]

(a) Identification. A temporary coil embolization assist device is a prescription device intended for temporary use in the neurovasculature to mechanically assist in the embolization of intracranial aneurysms with embolic coils. The device is delivered into the neurovasculature with an endovascular approach. This device is not intended to be permanently implanted and is removed from the body when the procedure is completed.

(b) Classification. Class II (special controls). The special controls for this device are:

(1) Clinical performance testing of the device must demonstrate the device performs as intended for temporary use as an endovascular device to assist in the coil embolization of intracranial aneurysms and must evaluate all adverse events, including tissue or vessel damage that could lead to dissection, perforation, hemorrhage, or vasospasm, thrombo-embolic events, and coil entanglement.

(2) The patient-contacting components of the device must be demonstrated to be biocompatible.

(3) Non-clinical performance testing must demonstrate the device performs as intended under anticipated conditions of use, including:

(i) Mechanical testing to demonstrate the device can withstand anticipated tensile, torsional, compressive, and tip deflection forces;

(ii) Mechanical testing to evaluate the radial forces exerted by the device;

(iii) Simulated use testing to demonstrate the device can be delivered to the target location in the neurovasculature and is compatible with embolic coils;

(iv) Dimensional verification testing;

(v) Radiopacity testing; and

(vi) Performance testing to evaluate the coating integrity and particulates under simulated use conditions.

(4) Animal testing under anticipated use conditions must evaluate all adverse events, including damage to vessels or tissues.

(5) Performance data must support the sterility and pyrogenicity of the device.

(6) Performance data must support the shelf life of the device by demonstrating continued sterility, package integrity, and device functionality over the labeled shelf life.

(7) The labeling must include:

(i) Instructions for use;

(ii) A detailed summary of the device technical parameters, including compatible delivery catheter dimensions and device sizing information;

(iii) A summary of the clinical testing results, including a detailed summary of the device- and procedure-related complications and adverse events; and

(iv) A shelf life.

[86 FR 70733, Dec. 13, 2021]

(a) Identification. Skull tongs for traction is an instrument used to immobilize a patient with a cervical spine injury (e.g., fracture or dislocation). The device is caliper shaped with tips that penetrate the skin. It is anchored to the skull and has a heavy weight attached to it that maintains, by traction, the patient's position.

(b) Classification. Class II (performance standards).

(a) Identification. A cranial orthosis is a device that is intended for medical purposes to apply pressure to prominent regions of an infant's cranium in order to improve cranial symmetry and/or shape in infants from 3 to 18 months of age, with moderate to severe nonsynostotic positional plagiocephaly, including infants with plagiocephalic-, brachycephalic-, and scaphocephalic-shaped heads.

(b) Classification. Class II (special controls) (prescription use in accordance with § 801.109 of this chapter, biocompatibility testing, and labeling (contraindications, warnings, precautions, adverse events, instructions for physicians and parents)).

[63 FR 40651, July 30, 1998]