The purpose of this subpart is to set forth requirements that will assure reasonable fire safety to the occupants by reducing fire hazards and by providing measures for early detection.

The following definitions are applicable to subparts C, H, and I of the Standards:

Combustible material: Any material not meeting the definition of limited-combustible or non-combustible material.

Flame-spread rating: The measurement of the propagation of flame on the surface of materials or their assemblies as determined by recognized standard tests conducted as required by this subpart.

Interior finish: The surface material of walls, fixed or movable partitions, ceilings, columns, and other exposed interior surfaces affixed to the home's structure including any materials such as paint or wallpaper and the substrate to which they are applied. Interior finish does not include:

(1) Trim and sealant 2 inches or less in width adjacent to the cooking range and in furnace and water heater spaces provided it is installed in accordance with the requirements of § 3280.203(b)(3) or (4), and trim 6 inches or less in width in all other areas;

(2) Windows and frames;

(3) Single doors and frames and a series of doors and frames not exceeding 5 feet in width;

(4) Skylights and frames;

(5) Casings around doors, windows, and skylights not exceeding 4 inches in width;

(6) Furnishings which are not permanently affixed to the home's structure;

(7) Baseboards not exceeding 6 inches in height;

(8) Light fixtures, cover plates of electrical receptacle outlets, switches, and other devices;

(9) Decorative items attached to walls and partitions (i.e., pictures, decorative objects, etc.) constituting no more than 10% of the aggregate wall surface area in any room or space not more than 32 square feet in surface area, whichever is less;

(10) Plastic light diffusers when suspended from a material which meets the interior finish provisions of § 3280.203(b);

(11) Coverings and surfaces of exposed wood beams; and

(12) Decorative items including the following:

(i) Non-structural beams not exceeding 6 inches in depth and 6 inches in width and spaced not closer than 4 feet on center;

(ii) Non-structural lattice work;

(iii) Mating and closure molding; and

(iv) Other items not affixed to the home's structure.

Limited combustible: A material meeting:

(1) The definition contained in Chapter 2 of NFPA 220-1995, Standard on Types of Building Construction; or

(2) 5/16-inch or thicker gypsum board.

Noncombustible material: A material meeting the definition contained in Chapter 2 of NFPA 220-1995, Standard on Types of Building Construction.

Smoke alarm: An alarm device that is responsive to smoke.

Tactile notification appliance: A notification appliance that alerts by the sense of touch or vibration.

(a) Establishment of flame spread rating. The surface flame spread rating of interior-finish material must not exceed the value shown in § 3280.203(b) when tested by Standard Test Method for Surface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials, ASTM E84-01, 2001, or Standard Method of Test of Surface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials NFPA 255, 1996, except that the surface flame spread rating of interior-finish materials required by § 3280.203(b)(5) and (6) may be determined by using the Standard Test Method for Surface Flammability of Materials Using a Radiant Heat Energy Source, ASTM E 162-94. However, the following materials need not be tested to establish their flame spread rating unless a lower rating is required by the standards in this part:

(1) Flame-spread rating—76 to 200.

(i) .035-inch or thicker high pressure laminated plastic panel countertop;

(ii) 1/4-inch or thicker unfinished plywood with phenolic or urea glue;

(iii) Unfinished dimension lumber (1-inch or thicker nominal boards);

(iv) 3/8-inch or thicker unfinished particleboard with phenolic or urea binder;

(v) Natural gum-varnished or latex- or alkyd-painted:

(A) 1/4-inch or thicker plywood, or

(B) 3/8-inch or thicker particleboard, or

(C) 1-inch or thicker nominal board;

(vi) 5/16-inch gypsum board with decorative wallpaper; and

(vii) 1/4-inch or thicker unfinished hardboard,

(2) Flame-spread rating-25 to 200,

(i) Painted metal;

(ii) Mineral-base acoustic tile;

(iii) 5/16-inch or thicker unfinished gypsum wallboard (both latex- or alkyd-painted); and

(iv) Ceramic tile.

(b) Flame-spread rating requirements.

(1) The interior finish of all walls, columns, and partitions shall not have a flame spread rating exceeding 200 except as otherwise specified herein.

(2) Ceiling interior finish shall not have a flame spread rating exceeding 75.

(3) Walls adjacent to or enclosing a furnace or water heater and ceilings above them shall have an interior finish with a flame spread rating not exceeding 25. Sealants and other trim materials 2 inches or less in width used to finish adjacent surfaces within these spaces are exempt from this provision provided that all joints are completely supported by framing members or by materials having a flame spread rating not exceeding 25.

(4) Exposed interior finishes adjacent to the cooking range shall have a flame spread rating not exceeding 50, except that backsplashes not exceeding 6 inches in height are exempted. Adjacent surfaces are the exposed vertical surfaces between the range top height and the overhead cabinets and/or ceiling and within 6 horizontal inches of the cooking range. (Refer also to § 3280.204(a), Kitchen Cabinet Protection.) Sealants and other trim materials 2 inches or less in width used to finish adjacent surfaces are exempt from this provision provided that all joints are completely supported by a framing member.

(5) Kitchen cabinet doors, countertops, backsplashes, exposed bottoms, and end panels shall have a flame spread rating not to exceed 200. Cabinet rails, stiles, mullions, and top strips are exempted.

(6) Finish surfaces of plastic bathtubs, shower units, and tub or shower doors shall not exceed a flame spread rating of 200.

(c) Fire protective requirements.

(1) Materials used to surface the following areas shall be of limited combustible material (e.g., 5/16-inch gypsum board, etc.):

(i) The exposed wall adjacent to the cooking range (see § 3280.203(b)(4));

(ii) Exposed bottoms and sides of kitchen cabinets as required by § 3280.204 except that non-horizontal surfaces above the horizontal plane formed by the bottom of the range hood are not considered exposed;

(iii) Interior walls and ceilings enclosing furnace and/or water heater spaces; and

(iv) Combustible doors which provide interior or exterior access to furnace and/or water heater spaces. The surface may be interrupted for louvers ventilating the enclosure. However, the louvers shall not be constructed of a material of greater combustibility than the door itself (e.g., plastic louvers on a wooden door).

(2) No burner of a surface cooking unit shall be closer than 12 horizontal inches to a window or an exterior door with glazing.

(a) The exposed bottom and sides of combustible kitchen cabinets over cooking ranges to a horizontal distance of 6 inches from the outside edge of the cooking range must be protected with at least 5/16 inch thick gypsum board or equivalent limited combustible material. One-inch nominal framing members and trim are exempted from this requirement. The cabinet area over the cooking range or cooktops shall be protected by a metal hood (26-gauge sheet metal, or .017 stainless steel, or .024 aluminum, or .020 copper) with not less than a 3-inch eyebrow projecting horizontally from the front cabinet face. The 5/16-inch thick gypsum board or equivalent material which is above the top of the hood may be supported by the hood. A 3/8-inch enclosed air space shall be provided between the bottom surface of the cabinet and the gypsum board or equivalent material. The hood shall be at least as wide as the cooking range.

(b) The 3-inch metal eyebrow required by paragraph (a) of this section will project from the front and rear cabinet faces when there is no adjacent surface behind the range, or the 5/16-inch thick gypsum board or equivalent material shall be extended to cover all exposed rear surfaces of the cabinet.

(c) Alternative compliance. When all exposed surfaces along the bottoms and sides of combustible kitchen cabinets are protected as described in paragraph (a) of this section, the metal hood, the 5/16-inch thick gypsum board or equivalent material, and the 3/8-inch airspace required by paragraph (a) of this section can be omitted, provided that:

(1) A microwave oven is installed between the cabinet and the range; and

(2) The microwave oven is equivalent in fire protection to the metal range hood required by paragraph (a) of this section; and

(3) The microwave oven is certified to be in conformance with Microwave Cooking Appliances, UL 923-2002 (incorporated by reference, see § 3280.4).

(d) When a manufactured home is designed for the future installation of a cooking range, the metal hood and cabinet protection required by paragraph (a) of this section and the wall-surfacing protection behind the range required by § 3280.203 shall be installed in the factory.

(e) Vertical clearance above cooking top. Ranges shall have a vertical clearance above the cooking top of not less than 24 inches to the bottom of combustible cabinets.

(f) Range hood finish materials must be installed with at least 5/16 inch thick gypsum board or equivalent limited combustible material between the metal range hood and finish materials. Except for sealants and other trim materials 2 inches or less in width, finish materials shall have a flame spread rating not exceeding the Flame Spread Index of 200.

Carpeting shall not be used in a space or compartment designed to contain only a furnace and/or water heater. Carpeting may be used in other areas where a furnace or water heater is installed, provided that it is not located under the furnace or water heater.

(a) General. Fireblocking must comply with the requirements of this section. The integrity of all fireblocking materials must be maintained.

(b) Fireblocking materials. Fireblocking must consist of the following materials:

(1) Minimum one inch nominal lumber, 5/16 inch thick gypsum board, or equivalent fire resistive materials; or

(2) Other Listed or Approved Materials;

(c) Fireblocking locations. (1) Fireblocking must be installed in concealed spaces of stud walls, partitions, and furred spaces at the floor and ceiling levels. Concealed spaces must not communicate between floor levels. Concealed spaces must not communicate between a ceiling level and a concealed roof area, or an attic space.

(2) Fireblocking must be installed at the interconnection of a concealed vertical space and a concealed horizontal space that occurs:

(i) Between a concealed wall cavity and the ceiling joists above; and

(ii) At soffits, drop ceilings, cover ceilings, and similar locations.

(3) Fireblocking must be installed around the openings for pipes, vents, and other penetrations in walls, floors, and ceilings of furnace and water heater spaces. Pipes, vents, and other penetrations that cannot be moved freely within their opening are considered to be fireblocked. Materials used to fireblock heat producing vent penetrations must be noncombustible or limited combustible types.

(a) General. Except for foam plastic materials and as provided in this section, exposed and concealed thermal insulating materials, including any facings, must be tested in accordance with NFPA 255-96, Standard Method of Test of Surface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials (incorporated by reference, see § 3280.4) and must have a flame spread index of 25 or less and a smoke developed index of 450 or less. The flame spread and smoke developed limitations do not apply to:

(1) Coverings and facings of insulation batts or blankets installed in concealed spaces when the facings are in substantial contact with the unexposed surface of wall, floor, or ceiling finish; or

(2) Cellulose loose-fill insulation that complies with paragraph (b) of this section.

(b) Loose-fill insulation. (1) Cellulose loose-fill insulation that is not spray-applied or self-supporting must comply with, and each package must be labeled in accordance with the Consumer Product Safety Commission requirements in 16 CFR parts 1209 and 1404.

(2) Other loose-fill insulation that cannot be mounted in the NFPA 255-96, test apparatus without a screen or other artificial support must be tested in accordance with CAN/ULC S102.2-M88, Standard Method of Test for Surface Burning Characteristics of Floor Coverings and Miscellaneous Materials and Assemblies (incorporated by reference, see § 3280.4), and must have a flame spread index of 25 or less and a smoke developed index of 450 or less.

(c) Attic locations. Exposed insulation installed on the floor or ceiling forming the lower boundary of the attic must be tested in accordance with NFPA 253-2000, Standard Method of Test for Critical Radiant Flux of Floor Covering Systems Using a Radiant Heat Energy Source (incorporated by reference, see § 3280.4) and must have a critical radiant flux of not less than 0.12 watt/cm 2.

(a) General. Foam plastic thermal insulating materials shall not be used within the cavity of walls (not including doors) or ceilings or be exposed to the interior of the home unless:

(1) The foam plastic insulating material is protected by an interior finish of 5/16-inch thick gypsum board or equivalent material for all cavities where the material is to be installed; or

(2) The foam plastic is used as a sheathing or siding backerboard, and it:

(i) Has a flame spread rating of 75 or less and a smoke-developed rating of 450 or less (not including outer covering of sheathing);

(ii) Does not exceed 3/8-inch in thickness; and

(iii) Is separated from the interior of the manufactured home by a minimum of 2 inches of mineral fiber insulation or an equivalent thermal barrier; or

(3) The foam plastic insulating material has been previously accepted by the Department for use in wall and/or ceiling cavities of manufactured homes, and it is installed in accordance with any restrictions imposed at the time of that acceptance; or

(4) The foam plastic insulating material has been tested as required for its location in wall and/or ceiling cavities in accordance with testing procedures described in the Illinois Institute of Technology Research Institute (IIT) Report, “Development of Mobile Home Fire Test Methods to Judge the Fire-Safe Performance of Foam Plastic Sheathing and Cavity Insulation, IITRI Fire and Safety Research Project J-6461, 1979” or other full-scale fire tests accepted by HUD, and it is installed in a manner consistent with the way the material was installed in the foam plastic test module. The materials must be capable of meeting the following acceptance criteria required for their location:

(i) Wall assemblies. The foam plastic system shall demonstrate equivalent or superior performance to the control module as determined by:

(A) Time to reach flashover (600 °C in the upper part of the room);

(B) Time to reach an oxygen (O2) level of 14% (rate of O2 depletion), a carbon monoxide (CO) level of 1%, a carbon dioxide (CO2) level of 6%, and a smoke level of 0.26 optical density/meter measured at 5 feet high in the doorway; and

(C) Rate of change concentration for O2, CO, CO2 and smoke measured 3 inches below the top of the doorway.

(ii) Ceiling assemblies. A minimum of three valid tests of the foam plastic system and one valid test of the control module shall be evaluated to determine if the foam plastic system demonstrates equivalent or superior performance to the control module. Individual factors to be evaluated include intensity of cavity fire (temperature-time) and post-test damage.

(iii) Post-test damage assessment for wall and ceiling assemblies. The overall performance of each total system shall also be evaluated in determining the acceptability of a particular foam plastic insulating material.

(b) All foam plastic thermal insulating materials used in manufactured housing shall have a flame spread rating of 75 or less (not including outer covering or sheathing) and a maximum smoke-developed rating of 450.

(a) Labeling. Each smoke alarm required under paragraph (b) of this section must conform with the requirements of UL 217 (incorporated by reference, see § 3280.4) or UL 268 (incorporated by reference, see § 3280.4), and must bear a label to evidence conformance. Combination smoke and carbon monoxide alarms shall be listed and must bear a label to evidence conformance with UL 217 and UL 2034.

(b) Combination alarms. Combination smoke and carbon monoxide alarms shall be permitted to be used in lieu of smoke alarms. If installed, such alarms must meet location requirements for both smoke alarms and carbon monoxide alarms.

(c) Required smoke alarm locations. (1) At least one smoke alarm must be installed in each of the following locations:

(i) To protect both the living area and kitchen space. Manufacturers are encouraged to locate the alarm in the living area remote from the kitchen and cooking appliances. A smoke alarm located within 20 feet horizontally of a cooking appliance must incorporate a temporary silencing feature or be of a photoelectric type.

(ii) In each room designed for sleeping.

(iii) On the ceiling of the upper level near the top or above each stairway, other than a basement stairway, in any multistory home completed in accordance with this part or part 3282 of this chapter. The alarm must be located so that smoke rising in the stairway cannot be prevented from reaching the alarm by an intervening door or obstruction.

(2) For each home designed to be placed over a basement, the manufacturer must provide a smoke alarm for the basement and must install at the factory an electrical junction box for the installation of this smoke alarm and for its interconnection to other smoke alarms required by this section. The instructions for installers and information for homeowners required in paragraph (f) of this section must clearly indicate that a smoke alarm should be installed and is to be located on the basement ceiling near the stairway.

(3) A smoke alarm required under this section must not be placed in a location that impairs its effectiveness or in any of the following locations:

(i) Within 3 feet horizontally from any discharge grille when a home is equipped or designed for future installation of a roof-mounted evaporative cooler or other equipment discharging conditioned air through a ceiling grille into the living space; and

(ii) In any location or environment that is prohibited by the terms of its listing, except as permitted by this section.

(d) Mounting requirements. (1) Except in rooms with peaked sloping or shed sloping ceilings with a slope of more than 1.5/12 or as permitted pursuant to paragraph (e) of this section, smoke alarms must be mounted either:

(i) On the ceiling at least 4 inches from each wall; or

(ii) On a wall with the top of the alarm not less than 4 inches below the ceiling, and not farther from the ceiling than 12 inches or the distance from the ceiling specified in the smoke alarm manufacturer's listing and instructions, whichever is less.

(2) Except as permitted pursuant to paragraph (e) of this section, in rooms with peaked sloping ceilings with a slope of more than 1.5/12, smoke alarms must be mounted on the ceiling within 3 feet, measured horizontally, from the peak of the ceiling; at least 4 inches, measured vertically, below the peak of the ceiling; and at least 4 inches from any projecting structural element.

(3) Except as permitted pursuant to paragraph (e) of this section, in rooms with shed sloping ceilings with a slope of more than 1.5/12, smoke alarms must be mounted on the ceiling within 3 feet, measured horizontally, of the high side of the ceiling, and not closer than 4 inches from any adjoining wall surface and from any projecting structural element.

(e) Connection to power source. (1) Each smoke alarm must be powered from:

(i) The electrical system of the home as the primary power source and a battery as a secondary power source; or

(ii) A battery rated for a 10-year life, provided the smoke alarm is listed for use with a 10-year battery.

(2) Each smoke alarm whose primary power source is the home electrical system must be mounted on an electrical outlet box and connected by a permanent wiring method to a general electrical circuit. More than one smoke alarm is permitted to be placed on the same electrical circuit. The wiring circuit for the alarm must not include any switches between the over-current protective device and the alarm, and must not be protected by a ground fault circuit interrupter.

(3) Smoke alarms required under this section must be interconnected such that the activation of any one smoke alarm causes the alarm to be triggered in all required smoke alarms in the home.

(f) Visible and tactile notification appliances. (1) In addition to the smoke alarms required pursuant to this section, the manufacturer must provide visible and listed tactile notification appliances if these appliances are ordered by the purchaser or retailer before the home enters the first stage of production. These appliances are required to operate from the primary power source, but are not required to operate from a secondary power source.

(2) A visible notification appliance in a room designed for sleeping must have a minimum rating of 177 candela, except that when the visible notification appliance is wall-mounted or suspended more than 24 inches below the ceiling, a minimum rating of 110 candela is permitted.

(3) A visible notification appliance in an area other than a room designed for sleeping must have a minimum rating of 15 candela.

(g) Testing and maintenance. (1) Each required smoke alarm installed at the factory must be operationally tested, after conducting the dielectric test specified in § 3280.810(a), in accordance with the alarm manufacturer's instructions. A smoke alarm that does not function as designed during the test and is not fixed so that it functions properly in the next retest must be replaced. Any replacement smoke alarm must be successfully tested in accordance with this paragraph.

(2) Home manufacturers must provide specific written instructions for installers on how to inspect and test the operation of smoke alarms during installation of the home. These instructions must indicate that any smoke alarm that does not meet the inspection or testing requirements needs to be replaced and retested.

(3) Home manufacturers must provide the homeowner with the alarm manufacturer's information describing the operation, method and frequency of testing, and proper maintenance of the smoke alarm. This information must be provided in same manner and location as the consumer manual required by § 3282.207 of this chapter, but does not have to be incorporated into the consumer manual. No dealer, distributor, construction contractor, or other person shall interfere with the distribution of this information

All fire testing conducted in accordance with this subpart shall be performed by nationally recognized testing laboratories which have expertise in fire technology. In case of dispute, the Secretary shall determine if a particular agency is qualified to perform such fire tests.

(a) Labeling. Carbon monoxide alarms shall be listed and must bear a label to evidence conformance with UL 2034 (incorporated by reference, see § 3280.4). Combination carbon monoxide and smoke alarms shall be listed and must bear a label to evidence conformance with UL 2034 and UL 217 (incorporated by reference, see § 3280.4).

(b) Required carbon monoxide alarm locations. Carbon monoxide alarms must be installed in each home containing either a fuel burning appliance or designed by the home manufacturer to include an attached garage. Carbon monoxide alarms must be installed outside of each separate sleeping area in the immediate vicinity of the bedrooms and in accordance with the alarm manufacturer's installation instructions. Where a fuel-burning appliance is located within a bedroom or its attached bathroom, a carbon monoxide alarm must be installed within the bedroom and in accordance with the manufacturer's installation instructions. Carbon monoxide alarms must be installed in conformance with NFPA 720 (incorporated by reference, see § 3280.4).

(c) Interconnectivity. Where more than one carbon monoxide alarm is required to be installed, the alarm devices shall be interconnected in such a manner that the actuation of one alarm will activate all the alarms installed.

(d) Connection to power source. Each carbon monoxide alarm must be powered from the electrical system of the home as the primary power source and a battery as a secondary power source.

(e) Combination alarms. Combination carbon monoxide and smoke alarms shall be permitted to be used in lieu of carbon monoxide alarms. When combination carbon monoxide and smoke alarms are used, they shall be installed to also comply with § 3280.209.

(f) Basement applications. For each home designed to be placed over a basement, the manufacturer must provide a carbon monoxide alarm for the basement and must install the electrical junction box for the installation of this carbon monoxide alarm for its interconnection with other alarms required by this section.

(g) Testing. Each required carbon monoxide alarm installed at the factory must be operationally tested, after conducting the dielectric test specified in § 3280.810(a), in accordance with the alarm manufacturer's instructions. A carbon monoxide alarm that does not function as designed during the test and is not satisfactorily repaired so that it functions properly in the next retest must be replaced. Any replacement carbon monoxide alarm must be successfully tested in accordance with this section.

(a) When a manufactured home is designed for factory construction with an attached garage or is designed for construction of an attached site-built garage that is not self-supported, the manufacturer must design the manufactured home to accommodate all appropriate live and dead loads from the attached garage structure that will be transferred through the manufactured home structure to the home's support and anchoring systems.

(b) The design must specify the following home and garage characteristics including maximum width, maximum sidewall height, maximum roof slope, live and dead loads, and other design limitations or restrictions using loads provided by this Code.

(c) When a manufactured home is factory constructed with an attached garage or is constructed for the attachment of a site-built garage, provisions must be made to provide fire separation between the garage and the manufactured home.

(1) The garage must be separated from the manufactured home and its attic by not less than 1/2-inch gypsum board or equivalent applied to the garage side of the manufactured home, separation shall be from the underside of the floor to the underside of the roof deck and may be provided on-site as part of an On Site Completion of Construction approval. Garages beneath habitable rooms must be separated from all habitable rooms by 5/8-inch, Type X gypsum board or equivalent. Where the separation is a floor ceiling assembly, the structure supporting the separation must also be protected by not less than 1/2-inch gypsum board or equivalent. The design approval and the manufacturer's installation instructions must also include provision for equivalent vertical or horizontal separation between the garage and the manufactured home as appropriate.

(2) [Reserved]

(d) Openings from a garage directly into a room designated for sleeping purposes are not permitted.

(e) Other openings between the garage and the manufactured home must:

(1) Be equipped with solid wood doors not less than 1 3/8 inch in thickness, or solid or honeycomb steel doors not less than 1 3/8 inch in thickness, or 20-minute fire-rated doors, and all doors shall be of the self-closing type; and

(2) Be in addition to the two exterior doors required by § 3280.105.

(f) Ducts penetrating the walls or ceilings separating the manufactured home from the garage must be constructed of a minimum No. 26 gauge steel or other approved material and must have no openings into the garage.

(g) Installation instructions shall be provided by the home manufacturer that, in addition to addressing the fire separation as required in this section, shall identify acceptable attachment locations, indicate design limitations for the attachment of the garage including acceptable live and dead loads for which the home has been designed to accommodate, and provide support and anchorage designs as necessary to transfer all imposed loads to the ground in accordance with §§ 3285.301 and 3285.401 of this chapter.

(h) A site-built, self-supported garage is considered an add-on, per 3282.8(j)(1), that does not affect the ability of the manufactured home to comply with the Construction and Safety Standards. The design and construction of the garage is subject to state and or local authorities having jurisdiction.

(a) When a manufactured home is designed for factory construction with an attached carport or is designed for construction of an attached site-built carport, the manufacturer must design the manufactured home to accommodate all appropriate live and dead loads from the attached carport structure that will be transferred through the manufactured home structure to the home's support and anchoring systems.

(b) The design, including the home's installation instructions, must specify the following home and carport characteristics including maximum width, maximum sidewall height, live and dead loads, and other design limitations or restrictions.

(1) Alternatively, the manufacturer may provide, by design and home installation instructions, the maximum live and dead loads, and the applied loading locations, that the home is designed to resist from the carport, and other design limitations or restrictions.

(2) [Reserved].

(c) Homes may be designed with a factory-installed host beam (i.e., ledger board) or specific roof truss rail for the attachment of the carport to the exterior wall of the home. The host beam (i.e., ledger board) must be designed to transmit the appropriate live and dead loads at the interface between the carport and the manufactured home. In cases where the carport is designed to be supported by the roof truss overhang, the roof trusses must be designed to support the additional live and dead loads from the carport.

(1) Any portion of the host beam (i.e., ledger board) and all fasteners exposed to the weather shall be protected in accordance with § 3280.307.

(2) [Reserved].

(d) To ensure that the attachment of the carport does not interfere with roof or attic ventilation, the manufacturer must provide specific instructions to ensure continued compliance with the manufactured home roof or attic ventilation requirements in accordance with § 3280.504(d).

(e) Installation instructions shall be provided by the home manufacturer that identify acceptable attachment locations, indicate design limitations for the attachment of the carport including acceptable live and dead loads for which the home has been designed to accommodate, and provide support and anchorage designs as necessary to transfer all imposed loads to the ground in accordance with §§ 3285.301 and 3285.401 of this chapter.

(1) The manufacturer must ensure that any anchoring system designs incorporating anchorage to resist combined shear wall and carport uplift loads are evaluated for adequacy to resist the combined loads, taking into consideration the limitations of the ground anchor test and certification.

(2) [Reserved].

(f) A site-built, self-supported carport is considered an add-on, as provided by § 3282.8(j)(1), that does not affect the ability of the manufactured home to comply with the standards. The design and construction of the carport is subject to state and or local authorities having jurisdiction.

(a) General. (1) Fire sprinkler systems are not required by this subpart; however, when a manufacturer installs a fire sprinkler system as an optional feature selected by the consumer or to meet State or local laws and regulations, this section establishes the requirements for the installation of a fire sprinkler system in a manufactured home.

(2) This section applies to both stand-alone and multipurpose fire sprinkler systems that do not include the use of antifreeze.

(3) A back-flow preventer is not required to separate a stand-alone sprinkler system from the water distribution system.

(b) Design. The design of the fire sprinkler system itself shall be in accordance with NFPA 13D (incorporated by reference, see § 3280.4) or a design which is deemed to be equivalent to the design method used in NFPA 13D.

(c) Sprinkler location. Sprinklers must be installed to protect all areas inside the manufactured home except:

(1) Attics and normally unoccupied concealed spaces;

(2) Closets not exceeding 24 square feet in area, with the smallest dimension not greater than three feet and having at least one base layer of minimum 5/16 inch thick gypsum board on wall and ceiling surfaces;

(3) Bathrooms not more than 55 square feet in area;

(4) Garages, carports, open attached porches and similar structures; and

(5) Closets or alcoves containing heat-producing appliance, regardless of size if the closet or alcove complies with § 3280.203(b)(3).

(d) Sprinklers. Sprinklers shall be new, listed residential sprinklers and shall be installed in accordance with the sprinkler manufacturer's installation instructions.

(e) Temperature rating and separation from heat sources. Sprinklers are to have a temperature rating and be separated from heat sources as follows:

(1) Sprinklers separated from heat sources as required by the sprinkler manufacturer's installation instructions are to a have a temperature rating of no less than 135 °F (57 °C) and not more than 170 °F (77 °C).

(2) Sprinklers located within the distance to a heat source as specified in table 7.5.5.3 of NFPA 13D (incorporated by reference, see § 3280.4) are to have an intermediate temperature rating not less than 175 °F (79 °C) and not more than 225 °F (107 °C) when installed in the following locations:

(i) Attics;

(ii) Concealed spaces located directly beneath a roof; and

(iii) Directly under skylights where the sprinkler is exposed to direct sunlight.

(f) Freezing areas. Piping must be protected from freezing as required by § 3280.603(b)(4). Where sprinklers are required in areas subject to freezing, dry-sidewall or dry-pendent sprinklers extending from nonfreezing area into a freezing area, must be installed.

(g) Sprinkler area of coverage. The area of coverage of a single sprinkler shall not exceed 400 square feet and shall be based on the sprinkler listing and the sprinkler manufacturer's installation instructions. Sprinkler discharge shall not be blocked by obstructions unless additional sprinklers are installed to protect the obstructed area. Sprinkler separation from obstructions shall comply with the minimum distances specified in the sprinkler manufacturer's instructions. Pendent sprinklers within 3 feet of the center of a ceiling fan, surface-mounted ceiling light or other similar object shall be considered to be obstructed and additional sprinklers shall be installed, except that in all closets 50 square feet or less in size, one sprinkler shall be sufficient. Sidewall sprinklers within 5 feet of the center of a ceiling fan, surface-mounted ceiling light or other similar object shall be considered to be obstructed and additional sprinklers shall be installed.

(h) Sprinkler installation on systems assembled with solvent cement. The solvent cementing of threaded adapter fittings shall be completed and threaded adapters for sprinklers shall be verified as being clear of excess cement prior to the installation of sprinklers on systems assembled with solvent cement.

(i) Painting, caulking or modifying sprinklers is prohibited. Painted, caulked, modified, or damaged sprinklers shall be replaced.

(j) Sprinkler piping support. Sprinkler piping shall be supported in accordance with § 3280.608. Sprinkler piping must comply with all requirements for cold-water distribution piping. For multipurpose piping systems, the sprinkler piping shall connect to and be part of the cold-water distribution piping system. Nonmetallic pipe and tubing, such as CPVC and PEX, shall be listed for use in residential fire sprinkler systems. Nonmetallic pipe and tubing systems shall be protected from exposure to the living space by a layer of not less than 5/16 inch thick gypsum wallboard, 1/2 inch thick plywood, or other material having a 15 minute fire rating. Pipe protection shall not be required where exposed piping is permitted by the pipe listing and in areas that do not require protection with sprinklers as specified in paragraph (c) of this section.

(k) Shutoff valves. Shutoff valves shall not be installed in any location where the valve would isolate piping serving one or more sprinklers, except for shutoff valves installed for the entire water distribution system.

(l) Means of drainage. A means to drain the sprinkler system shall be provided on the system side of the water supply inlet.

(m) Minimum flow rate. The sprinkler system must provide at least the flow rate required to produce a minimum discharge density of 0.05 gpm/ft 2 from each sprinkler and be determined by using the sprinkler manufacturer's published data for the specific sprinkler model based on the area of coverage, ceiling configuration, temperature rating and any other conditions specified by the sprinkler manufacturer.

(n) Design flow rate. The design flow rate for the sprinkler system shall be based on the following:

(1) The design flow rate for a room having only one sprinkler shall be the flow rate required for that sprinkler, as determined by paragraph (m) of this section.

(2) The design flow rate for a room having two or more sprinklers shall be determined by identifying the sprinkler in that room with the highest required flow rate, based on paragraph (m) of this section, and multiplying that flow rate by two.

(3) Where the sprinkler manufacturer's instructions specify different criteria for ceiling configurations that are not smooth, flat and horizontal, the required design flow rate for the room shall comply with the sprinkler manufacturer's instructions.

(4) The design flow rate for the sprinkler system shall be the flow required by the room with the largest flow rate, based on paragraph (n)(1), (2), or (3) of this section.

(5) For the purposes of this section, it shall be permissible to reduce the design flow rate for a room by subdividing the space into two or more rooms, where each room is evaluated separately with respect to the required design flow rate. Walls and a ceiling shall bound each room. Openings in walls shall have a lintel (header) not less than 8 inches in depth and each lintel shall form a solid barrier between the ceiling and the top of the opening.

(o) Pipe sizing and minimum required supply pressure. (1) The piping to sprinklers shall be sized for the flow required by paragraph (n) of this section. The flow rate required to supply the plumbing fixtures shall not be required to be added to the sprinkler design flow rate. The minimum pipe size from the water supply inlet to any sprinkler shall be 3/4 inch diameter. Threaded adapter fittings at the point where sprinklers are attached to the piping shall be a minimum of 1/2 inch diameter.

(2) Piping shall be sized by determining the Available Pressure to offset friction loss in piping and identifying a piping material, diameter and length in accordance with the following:

(i) Minimum supply pressure required. The following equation shall be used to determine the required supply pressure at the fire sprinkler system supply inlet.

(ii) [Reserved]

(3) Determination of PSUP shall be in accordance with the following procedure:

(i) Step 1. Determine PT. For the specific design in question determine the distance (developed length) from the fire sprinkler system supply inlet to the most remote sprinkler. Refer to tables 8.4.10.2(d) through (i) of NFPA 13D (incorporated by reference, see § 3280.4) and select the correct table for the fire sprinkler system pipe material and pipe size used. Using the system design flow rate from paragraph (n) of this section find the “Allowable length of pipe” column, which is closest to, but not less than, the developed length for the design in question. The “Available Pressure” in the column heading is PT. (Note: Interpolation between “Allowable length of pipe” (developed length) and “Available Pressure” (PT) is permitted. Example: Using table 8.4.10.2(d) of NFPA 13D, Sprinkler Flow Rate = 16 gpm, developed length = 70 feet, Available Pressure (PT) = 17.5 psi.)

(ii) Step 2. Determine PLE. Refer to table 8.4.10.2.(c) of NFPA 13D. The elevation used in applying the table shall be the difference between the highest sprinkler and the fire sprinkler system supply inlet. Interpolation is permitted. (Note: If the highest sprinkler is lower than the fire sprinkler system supply inlet then subtract this value in equation 1 to paragraph (o)(2)(i), instead of adding it.)

(iii) Step 3. Determine PSP. Determine the maximum pressure required by any individual sprinkler based on the flow rate for each sprinkler as set forth in paragraph (n) of this section. The required pressure is provided in the data provided by the sprinkler manufacturer for the specific model based on the selected flow rate.

(p) Testing. The fire sprinkler system piping shall be subject to the same test as the water distribution system in § 3280.612(a). For multipurpose fire sprinkler systems, it shall be permitted to test the fire sprinkler system piping simultaneously with the domestic water distribution system.

(q) Fire Sprinkler System Certificate. The manufacturer must permanently affix a Fire Sprinkler System Certificate adjacent to the data plate. The manufacturer must specify on the Fire Sprinkler System Certificate the minimum required pressure in pounds per square inch (psi) and flow rate in gallons per minute (gpm) for the water supply system. The Fire Sprinkler System Certificate is to include all the statements and required information arranged in substantially the same layout as shown in the following example.

(r) Sign or valve tag. A sign or valve tag shall be installed at the fire sprinkler system supply inlet stating the following:

(s) Component instructions. If the manufacturer of a fire sprinkler system component used in a system provides written instructions and procedures for the operation, maintenance, periodic testing, and/or repair of the component, a copy of the instructions and procedures shall be left in each home for the consumer.

(t) Manufacturer's installation instructions for fire sprinkler systems. Manufacturer's installation instructions must provide the following:

(1) Specific instructions for the inspection and testing of the fire sprinkler system during the installation of the home. Testing requirements are to be consistent with § 3280.612(a).

(2) Required statement. If this manufactured home contains a fire sprinkler system, an installer shall ensure a fire protection technician tests the water supply at the site and completes the Fire Safety System Certificate and that the test reports the minimum conditions described on the Fire Sprinkler System Certificate in the home (located next to the data plate).

(a) General. In manufactured homes with more than one dwelling unit, each dwelling unit must be separated from each other by wall and floor assemblies having not less than a 1 hour fire resistance rating when tested in accordance with ASTM E119 or UL 263 (both incorporated by reference, see § 3280.4) or having a fire resistance rating of not less than a 1 hour when calculated in accordance with chapter 16 of the AWC National Design Specification (NDS) for Wood Construction, with Supplement (incorporated by reference, see § 3280.4).

(b) Fire resistance walls. Fire-resistance-rated floor/ceiling and wall assemblies must extend to and be tight against the exterior wall, and wall assemblies must extend from the foundation to the underside of the roof sheathing except as follows:

(1) Wall assemblies need not extend through attic spaces where the ceiling is protected by not less than 5/8 inch Type X gypsum board and attic draftstop constructed as specified in § 3280.216 is provided above and along the wall assembly separating the dwelling units; and

(2) The structural framing supporting the ceiling is protected by not less than 1/2 inch gypsum board or equivalent.

(3) A fire resistance rating of 1/2 hour shall be permitted in buildings equipped throughout with an automatic sprinkler system installed in accordance with § 3280.214.

(c) Supporting construction. Where floor assemblies are required to be fire resistant rated by this section, the supporting construction of such assemblies must have an equal or greater fire resistance rating.

(d) Dwelling unit rated penetrations. Penetrations of wall or floor-ceiling assemblies in multi-dwelling unit manufactured homes are required to be fire-resistance rated in accordance with this section.

(1) Through penetrations. (i) Through penetrations must be installed as tested in the approved fire-resistance rated assembly; or

(ii) Through penetrations must be protected by an approved penetration fire stop system installed as tested in accordance with ASTM E814 or UL 1479 (both incorporated by reference, see § 3280.4), with a positive pressure differential of not less than 0.01 inch of water and must have an F rating of not less than the required fire resistance rating of the wall or floor-ceiling assembly penetrated; or

(iii) Where the penetrating items are steel, ferrous or copper pipes, tubes, or conduits, the material used to fill the annular space must prevent the passage of flame and hot gasses sufficient to ignite cotton waste where subjected to ASTM E119 or UL 263 (both incorporated by reference, see § 3280.4) time temperature fire conditions under a positive pressure differential of not less than 0.01 inch of water at the location of the through penetration for the time period equivalent to the fire resistance rating of the construction penetrated.

(2) Membrane penetrations. Membrane penetrations must comply with paragraph (d)(1) of this section. Where walls are required to have a fire resistance rating, recessed fixtures must be installed so that the required fire resistance rating will not be reduced except as follows:

(i) By membrane penetrations of fire-resistant-rated walls, ceiling/floors and partitions by steel electrical boxes provided they do not exceed 16 square inches in area and the aggregate area of the openings through the membrane does not exceed 100 square inches in any 100 square feet of wall area. The annular space between the wall membrane and the box must not exceed 1/8 inch. Such boxes on opposite sides of the wall must be separated by one of the following:

(A) A horizontal distance of not less than 24 inches where the wall or partition is constructed with individual non-communicating stud cavities; or

(B) A horizontal distance of not less than the depth of the wall cavity, where the wall cavity is filled with loose-fill insulation; or

(C) Solid fire blocking in accordance with § 3280.206; or

(D) Protecting both boxes with listed putty pads; or

(E) Other listed materials and methods.

(ii) By membrane penetrations of listed electrical boxes of any materials provided that the boxes have been tested for use in fire resistance rated assemblies and are installed in accordance with the instructions included with the listing. The annular space between the wall membrane and the box must not exceed 1/8 inch unless otherwise noted. Such boxes on opposite sides of the wall must be separated by one of the following:

(A) The horizontal distance specified in the listing of the electrical boxes; or

(B) Sold fire blocking in accordance with § 3280.206; or

(C) Protecting boxes with listed putty pads; or

(D) Other listed materials and methods.

(iii) By the annular space created by the penetration of a fire sprinkler provided that it is covered by a metal escutcheon plate.

(a) When there is usable space both above and below the concealed space of a floor/ceiling assembly in multi-dwelling unit manufactured homes, draftstops must be installed so that the area of the concealed space does not exceed 1,000 square feet. Draftstopping must divide the concealed space into approximately equal areas. Where the assembly is enclosed by a floor membrane above and a ceiling membrane below, draftstopping shall be provided in floor-ceiling assemblies under the following circumstances:

(1) Ceiling is suspended under the floor framing; or

(2) Floor framing is constructed of truss type open-web or perforated members.

(b) Draftstopping materials must not be less than 1/2 inch gypsum board, 3/8 inch wood structural panels, or other approved materials adequately supported.

(c) Draftstopping must be installed parallel to the floor framing members.

(d) The integrity of all draftstops must be maintained.