Collapse to view only § 360ii. Program of control
- § 360hh. Definitions
- § 360ii. Program of control
- § 360jj. Studies by Secretary
- § 360kk. Performance standards for electronic products
- § 360ll. Notification of defects in and repair or replacement of electronic products
- § 360mm. Imports
- § 360nn. Inspection, records, and reports
- § 360oo. Prohibited acts
- § 360pp. Enforcement
- § 360qq. Repealed.
- § 360rr. Federal-State cooperation
- § 360ss. State standards
§ 360hh. DefinitionsAs used in this part—
(1) the term “electronic product radiation” means—
(A) any ionizing or non-ionizing electromagnetic or particulate radiation, or
(B) any sonic, infrasonic, or ultrasonic wave, which is emitted from an electronic product as the result of the operation of an electronic circuit in such product;
(2) the term “electronic product” means (A) any manufactured or assembled product which, when in operation, (i) contains or acts as part of an electronic circuit and (ii) emits (or in the absence of effective shielding or other controls would emit) electronic product radiation, or (B) any manufactured or assembled article which is intended for use as a component, part, or accessory of a product described in clause (A) and which when in operation emits (or in the absence of effective shielding or other controls would emit) such radiation;
(3) the term “manufacturer” means any person engaged in the business of manufacturing, assembling, or importing of electronic products;
(4) the term “commerce” means (A) commerce between any place in any State and any place outside thereof; and (B) commerce wholly within the District of Columbia; and
(5) the term “State” includes the District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, the Northern Mariana Islands, the Virgin Islands, Guam, and American Samoa.
(June 25, 1938, ch. 675, § 531, formerly act July 1, 1944, ch. 373, title III, § 531, formerly § 355, as added Pub. L. 90–602, § 2(3), Oct. 18, 1968, 82 Stat. 1174; amended Pub. L. 94–484, title IX, § 905(b)(1), Oct. 12, 1976, 90 Stat. 2325; renumbered § 531 and amended Pub. L. 101–629, § 19(a)(1)(B), (3), (4), Nov. 28, 1990, 104 Stat. 4529, 4530; Pub. L. 103–80, § 4(a)(2), Aug. 13, 1993, 107 Stat. 779.)
§ 360ii. Program of control
(a) Establishment
The Secretary shall establish and carry out an electronic product radiation control program designed to protect the public health and safety from electronic product radiation. As a part of such program, he shall—
(1) pursuant to section 360kk of this title, develop and administer performance standards for electronic products;
(2) plan, conduct, coordinate, and support research, development, training, and operational activities to minimize the emissions of and the exposure of people to, unnecessary electronic product radiation;
(3) maintain liaison with and receive information from other Federal and State departments and agencies with related interests, professional organizations, industry, industry and labor associations, and other organizations on present and future potential electronic product radiation;
(4) study and evaluate emissions of, and conditions of exposure to, electronic product radiation and intense magnetic fields;
(5) develop, test, and evaluate the effectiveness of procedures and techniques for minimizing exposure to electronic product radiation; and
(6) consult and maintain liaison with the Secretary of Commerce, the Secretary of Defense, the Secretary of Labor, the Atomic Energy Commission, and other appropriate Federal departments and agencies on (A) techniques, equipment, and programs for testing and evaluating electronic product radiation, and (B) the development of performance standards pursuant to section 360kk of this title to control such radiation emissions.
(b) Powers of Secretary
In carrying out the purposes of subsection (a), the Secretary is authorized to—
(1)
(A) collect and make available, through publications and other appropriate means, the results of, and other information concerning, research and studies relating to the nature and extent of the hazards and control of electronic product radiation; and (B) make such recommendations relating to such hazards and control as he considers appropriate;
(2) make grants to public and private agencies, organizations, and institutions, and to individuals for the purposes stated in paragraphs (2), (4), and (5) of subsection (a) of this section;
(3) contract with public or private agencies, institutions, and organizations, and with individuals, without regard to section 3324 of title 31 and section 6101 of title 41; and
(4) procure (by negotiation or otherwise) electronic products for research and testing purposes, and sell or otherwise dispose of such products.
(c) Record keeping
(1) Each recipient of assistance under this part pursuant to grants or contracts entered into under other than competitive bidding procedures shall keep such records as the Secretary shall prescribe, including records which fully disclose the amount and disposition by such recipient of the proceeds of such assistance, the total cost of the project or undertaking in connection with which such assistance is given or used, and the amount of that portion of the cost of the project or undertaking supplied by other sources, and such other records as will facilitate an effective audit.
(2) The Secretary and the Comptroller General of the United States, or any of their duly authorized representatives, shall have access for the purpose of audit and examination to any books, documents, papers, and records of the recipients that are pertinent to the grants or contracts entered into under this part under other than competitive bidding procedures.
(June 25, 1938, ch. 675, § 532, formerly act July 1, 1944, ch. 373, title III, § 532, formerly § 356, as added Pub. L. 90–602, § 2(3), Oct. 18, 1968, 82 Stat. 1174; renumbered § 532 and amended Pub. L. 101–629, § 19(a)(1)(B), (2)(A), (3), (4), Nov. 28, 1990, 104 Stat. 4529, 4530; Pub. L. 103–80, § 4(a)(2), Aug. 13, 1993, 107 Stat. 779.)
§ 360jj. Studies by Secretary
(a) Report to CongressThe Secretary shall conduct the following studies, and shall make a report or reports of the results of such studies to the Congress on or before January 1, 1970, and from time to time thereafter as he may find necessary, together with such recommendations for legislation as he may deem appropriate:
(1) A study of present State and Federal control of health hazards from electronic product radiation and other types of ionizing radiation, which study shall include, but not be limited to—
(A) control of health hazards from radioactive materials other than materials regulated under the Atomic Energy Act of 1954 [42 U.S.C. 2011 et seq.];
(B) any gaps and inconsistencies in present controls;
(C) the need for controlling the sale of certain used electronic products, particularly antiquated X-ray equipment, without upgrading such products to meet the standards for new products or separate standards for used products;
(D) measures to assure consistent and effective control of the aforementioned health hazards;
(E) measures to strengthen radiological health programs of State governments; and
(F) the feasibility of authorizing the Secretary to enter into arrangements with individual States or groups of States to define their respective functions and responsibilities for the control of electronic product radiation and other ionizing radiation;
(2) A study to determine the necessity for the development of standards for the use of nonmedical electronic products for commercial and industrial purposes; and
(3) A study of the development of practicable procedures for the detection and measurement of electronic product radiation which may be emitted from electronic products manufactured or imported prior to the effective date of any applicable standard established pursuant to this part.
(b) Participation of other Federal agencies
(c) Organization of studies and participation
(June 25, 1938, ch. 675, § 533, formerly act July 1, 1944, ch. 373, title III, § 533, formerly § 357, as added Pub. L. 90–602, § 2(3), Oct. 18, 1968, 82 Stat. 1176; renumbered § 533 and amended Pub. L. 101–629, § 19(a)(1)(B), (3), (4), Nov. 28, 1990, 104 Stat. 4529, 4530; Pub. L. 103–80, § 4(a)(2), Aug. 13, 1993, 107 Stat. 779.)
§ 360kk. Performance standards for electronic products
(a) Promulgation of regulations
(1) The Secretary shall by regulation prescribe performance standards for electronic products to control the emission of electronic product radiation from such products if he determines that such standards are necessary for the protection of the public health and safety. Such standards may include provisions for the testing of such products and the measurement of their electronic product radiation emissions, may require the attachment of warning signs and labels, and may require the provision of instructions for the installation, operation, and use of such products. Such standards may be prescribed from time to time whenever such determinations are made, but the first of such standards shall be prescribed prior to January 1, 1970. In the development of such standards, the Secretary shall consult with Federal and State departments and agencies having related responsibilities or interests and with appropriate professional organizations and interested persons, including representatives of industries and labor organizations which would be affected by such standards, and shall give consideration to—
(A) the latest available scientific and medical data in the field of electronic product radiation;
(B) the standards currently recommended by (i) other Federal agencies having responsibilities relating to the control and measurement of electronic product radiation, and (ii) public or private groups having an expertise in the field of electronic product radiation;
(C) the reasonableness and technical feasibility of such standards as applied to a particular electronic product;
(D) the adaptability of such standards to the need for uniformity and reliability of testing and measuring procedures and equipment; and
(E) in the case of a component, or accessory described in paragraph (2)(B) of section 360hh of this title, the performance of such article in the manufactured or assembled product for which it is designed.
(2) The Secretary may prescribe different and individual performance standards, to the extent appropriate and feasible, for different electronic products so as to recognize their different operating characteristics and uses.
(3) The performance standards prescribed under this section shall not apply to any electronic product which is intended solely for export if (A) such product and the outside of any shipping container used in the export of such product are labeled or tagged to show that such product is intended for export, and (B) such product meets all the applicable requirements of the country to which such product is intended for export.
(4) The Secretary may by regulation amend or revoke any performance standard prescribed under this section.
(5) The Secretary may exempt from the provisions of this section any electronic product intended for use by departments or agencies of the United States provided such department or agency has prescribed procurement specifications governing emissions of electronic product radiation and provided further that such product is of a type used solely or predominantly by departments or agencies of the United States.
(b) Administrative procedure
(c) Publication in Federal Register
(d) Judicial review
(1) In a case of actual controversy as to the validity of any regulation issued under this section prescribing, amending, or revoking a performance standard, any person who will be adversely affected by such regulation when it is effective may at any time prior to the sixtieth day after such regulation is issued file a petition with the United States court of appeals for the circuit wherein such person resides or has his principal place of business, for a judicial review of such regulation. A copy of the petition shall be forthwith transmitted by the clerk of the court to the Secretary or other officer designated by him for that purpose. The Secretary thereupon shall file in the court the record of the proceedings on which the Secretary based the regulation, as provided in section 2112 of title 28.
(2) If the petitioner applies to the court for leave to adduce additional evidence, and shows to the satisfaction of the court that such additional evidence is material and that there were reasonable grounds for the failure to adduce such evidence in the proceeding before the Secretary, the court may order such additional evidence (and evidence in rebuttal thereof) to be taken before the Secretary, and to be adduced upon the hearing, in such manner and upon such terms and conditions as to the court may seem proper. The Secretary may modify his findings, or make new findings, by reason of the additional evidence so taken, and he shall file such modified or new findings, and his recommendations, if any, for the modification or setting aside of his original regulation, with the return of such additional evidence.
(3) Upon the filing of the petition referred to in paragraph (1) of this subsection, the court shall have jurisdiction to review the regulation in accordance with chapter 7 of title 5 and to grant appropriate relief as provided in such chapter.
(4) The judgment of the court affirming or setting aside, in whole or in part, any such regulation of the Secretary shall be final, subject to review by the Supreme Court of the United States upon certiorari or certification as provided in section 1254 of title 28.
(5) Any action instituted under this subsection shall survive, notwithstanding any change in the person occupying the office of Secretary or any vacancy in such office.
(6) The remedies provided for in this subsection shall be in addition to and not in substitution for any other remedies provided by law.
(e) Availability of record
(f) Technical Electronic Product Radiation Safety Standards Committee
(1)
(A) The Secretary shall establish a Technical Electronic Product Radiation Safety Standards Committee (hereafter in this part referred to as the “Committee”) which he shall consult before prescribing any standard under this section. The Committee shall be appointed by the Secretary, after consultation with public and private agencies concerned with the technical aspect of electronic product radiation safety, and shall be composed of fifteen members each of whom shall be technically qualified by training and experience in one or more fields of science or engineering applicable to electronic product radiation safety, as follows:
(i) Five members shall be selected from governmental agencies, including State and Federal Governments;
(ii) Five members shall be selected from the affected industries after consultation with industry representatives; and
(iii) Five members shall be selected from the general public, of which at least one shall be a representative of organized labor.
(B) The Committee may propose electronic product radiation safety standards to the Secretary for his consideration. All proceedings of the Committee shall be recorded and the record of each such proceeding shall be available for public inspection.
(2) Payments to members of the Committee who are not officers or employees of the United States pursuant to subsection (c) of section 210 of title 42 shall not render members of the Committee officers or employees of the United States for any purpose.
(g) Review and evaluation
(h) Product certification
(June 25, 1938, ch. 675, § 534, formerly act July 1, 1944, ch. 373, title III, § 534, formerly § 358, as added Pub. L. 90–602, § 2(3), Oct. 18, 1968, 82 Stat. 1177; amended Pub. L. 91–515, title VI, § 601(b)(2), (3), Oct. 30, 1970, 84 Stat. 1311; renumbered § 534 and amended Pub. L. 101–629, § 19(a)(1)(B), (2)(B), (3), (4), Nov. 28, 1990, 104 Stat. 4529, 4530; Pub. L. 103–80, §§ 3(w), 4(a)(2), Aug. 13, 1993, 107 Stat. 778, 779.)
§ 360ll. Notification of defects in and repair or replacement of electronic products
(a) Notification; exemption
(1) Every manufacturer of electronic products who discovers that an electronic product produced, assembled, or imported by him has a defect which relates to the safety of use of such product by reason of the emission of electronic product radiation, or that an electronic product produced, assembled, or imported by him on or after the effective date of an applicable standard prescribed pursuant to section 360kk of this title fails to comply with such standard, shall immediately notify the Secretary of such defect or failure to comply if such product has left the place of manufacture and shall (except as authorized by paragraph (2)) with reasonable promptness furnish notification of such defect or failure to the persons (where known to the manufacturer) specified in subsection (b) of this section.
(2) If, in the opinion of such manufacturer, the defect or failure to comply is not such as to create a significant risk of injury, including genetic injury, to any person, he may, at the time of giving notice to the Secretary of such defect or failure to comply, apply to the Secretary for an exemption from the requirement of notice to the persons specified in subsection (b). If such application states reasonable grounds for such exemption, the Secretary shall afford such manufacturer an opportunity to present his views and evidence in support of the application, the burden of proof being on the manufacturer. If, after such presentation, the Secretary is satisfied that such defect or failure to comply is not such as to create a significant risk of injury, including genetic injury, to any person, he shall exempt such manufacturer from the requirement of notice to the persons specified in subsection (b) of this section and from the requirements of repair or replacement imposed by subsection (f) of this section.
(b) Method of notification
The notification (other than to the Secretary) required by paragraph (1) of subsection (a) of this section shall be accomplished—
(1) by certified mail to the first purchaser of such product for purposes other than resale, and to any subsequent transferee of such product; and
(2) by certified mail or other more expeditious means to the dealers or distributors of such manufacturer to whom such product was delivered.
(c) Requisite elements of notification
(d) Copies to Secretary of communications by manufacturers to dealers or distributors regarding defects
(e) Notice from Secretary to manufacturer of defects or failure to comply with standards
If through testing, inspection, investigation, or research carried out pursuant to this part, or examination of reports submitted pursuant to section 360nn of this title, or otherwise, the Secretary determines that any electronic product—
(1) does not comply with an applicable standard prescribed pursuant to section 360kk of this title; or
(2) contains a defect which relates to the safety of use of such product by reason of the emission of electronic product radiation;
he shall immediately notify the manufacturer of such product of such defect or failure to comply. The notice shall contain the findings of the Secretary and shall include all information upon which the findings are based. The Secretary shall afford such manufacturer an opportunity to present his views and evidence in support thereof, to establish that there is no failure of compliance or that the alleged defect does not exist or does not relate to safety of use of the product by reason of the emission of such radiation hazard. If after such presentation by the manufacturer the Secretary determines that such product does not comply with an applicable standard prescribed pursuant to section 360kk of this title, or that it contains a defect which relates to the safety of use of such product by reason of the emission of electronic product radiation, the Secretary shall direct the manufacturer to furnish the notification specified in subsection (c) of this section to the persons specified in paragraphs (1) and (2) of subsection (b) of this section (where known to the manufacturer), unless the manufacturer has applied for an exemption from the requirement of such notification on the ground specified in paragraph (2) of subsection (a) and the Secretary is satisfied that such noncompliance or defect is not such as to create a significant risk of injury, including genetic injury, to any person.
(f) Correction of defects
(g) Effective date
(June 25, 1938, ch. 675, § 535, formerly act July 1, 1944, ch. 373, title III, § 535, formerly § 359, as added Pub. L. 90–602, § 2(3), Oct. 18, 1968, 82 Stat. 1180; renumbered § 535 and amended Pub. L. 101–629, § 19(a)(1)(B), (2)(C), (3), (4), Nov. 28, 1990, 104 Stat. 4529, 4530; Pub. L. 103–80, § 4(a)(2), Aug. 13, 1993, 107 Stat. 779.)
§ 360mm. Imports
(a) Refusal of admission to noncomplying electronic products
(b) Bond
(c) Liability of owner or consignee for expenses connected with refusal of admission
(d) Designation of agent for purposes of service
(June 25, 1938, ch. 675, § 536, formerly act July 1, 1944, ch. 373, title III, § 536, formerly § 360, as added Pub. L. 90–602, § 2(3), Oct. 18, 1968, 82 Stat. 1181; renumbered § 536 and amended Pub. L. 101–629, § 19(a)(1)(B), (2)(D), (3), (4), Nov. 28, 1990, 104 Stat. 4529, 4530; Pub. L. 102–300, § 6(b)(1), June 16, 1992, 106 Stat. 240; Pub. L. 103–80, § 4(a)(2), Aug. 13, 1993, 107 Stat. 779.)
§ 360nn. Inspection, records, and reports
(a) Inspection of premises
(b) Record keeping
(c) Disclosure of technical data
(d) Public nature of reports
(e) Trade secrets
(f) Information required to identify and locate first purchasers of electronic products
(June 25, 1938, ch. 675, § 537, formerly act July 1, 1944, ch. 373, title III, § 537, formerly § 360A, as added Pub. L. 90–602, § 2(3), Oct. 18, 1968, 82 Stat. 1182; renumbered § 537 and amended Pub. L. 101–629, § 19(a)(1)(B), (2)(E), (3), (4), Nov. 28, 1990, 104 Stat. 4529, 4530; Pub. L. 103–80, § 4(a)(2), Aug. 13, 1993, 107 Stat. 779.)
§ 360oo. Prohibited acts
(a) It shall be unlawful—
(1) for any manufacturer to introduce, or to deliver for introduction, into commerce, or to import into the United States, any electronic product which does not comply with an applicable standard prescribed pursuant to section 360kk of this title;
(2) for any person to fail to furnish any notification or other material or information required by section 360ll or 360nn of this title; or to fail to comply with the requirements of section 360ll(f) of this title;
(3) for any person to fail or to refuse to establish or maintain records required by this part or to permit access by the Secretary or any of his duly authorized representatives to, or the copying of, such records, or to permit entry or inspection, as required by or pursuant to section 360nn of this title;
(4) for any person to fail or to refuse to make any report required pursuant to section 360nn(b) of this title or to furnish or preserve any information required pursuant to section 360nn(f) of this title; or
(5) for any person (A) to fail to issue a certification as required by section 360kk(h) of this title, or (B) to issue such a certification when such certification is not based upon a test or testing program meeting the requirements of section 360kk(h) of this title or when the issuer, in the exercise of due care, would have reason to know that such certification is false or misleading in a material respect.
(b) The Secretary may exempt any electronic product, or class thereof, from all or part of subsection (a), upon such conditions as he may find necessary to protect the public health or welfare, for the purpose of research, investigations, studies, demonstrations, or training, or for reasons of national security.
(June 25, 1938, ch. 675, § 538, formerly act July 1, 1944, ch. 373, title III, § 538, formerly § 360B, as added Pub. L. 90–602, § 2(3), Oct. 18, 1968, 82 Stat. 1184; renumbered § 538 and amended Pub. L. 101–629, § 19(a)(1)(B), (2)(F), (3), (4), Nov. 28, 1990, 104 Stat. 4529, 4530; Pub. L. 103–80, § 4(a)(2), Aug. 13, 1993, 107 Stat. 779.)
§ 360pp. Enforcement
(a) Jurisdiction of courts
(b) Penalties
(1) Any person who violates section 360oo of this title shall be subject to a civil penalty of not more than $1,000. For purposes of this subsection, any such violation shall with respect to each electronic product involved, or with respect to each act or omission made unlawful by section 360oo of this title, constitute a separate violation, except that the maximum civil penalty imposed on any person under this subsection for any related series of violations shall not exceed $300,000.
(2) Any such civil penalty may on application be remitted or mitigated by the Secretary. In determining the amount of such penalty, or whether it should be remitted or mitigated and in what amount, the appropriateness of such penalty to the size of the business of the person charged and the gravity of the violation shall be considered. The amount of such penalty, when finally determined, may be deducted from any sums owing by the United States to the person charged.
(c) Venue; process
(d) Warnings
(e) Compliance with regulations
(f) Additional remedies
(June 25, 1938, ch. 675, § 539, formerly act July 1, 1944, ch. 373, title III, § 539, formerly § 360C, as added Pub. L. 90–602, § 2(3), Oct. 18, 1968, 82 Stat. 1184; renumbered § 539 and amended Pub. L. 101–629, § 19(a)(1)(B), (2)(G), (3), (4), Nov. 28, 1990, 104 Stat. 4529, 4530; Pub. L. 103–80, § 4(a)(2), Aug. 13, 1993, 107 Stat. 779.)
§ 360qq. Repealed. Pub. L. 105–362, title VI, § 601(a)(2)(A), Nov. 10, 1998, 112 Stat. 3285
§ 360rr. Federal-State cooperation
The Secretary is authorized (1) to accept from State and local authorities engaged in activities related to health or safety or consumer protection, on a reimbursable basis or otherwise, any assistance in the administration and enforcement of this part which he may request and which they may be able and willing to provide and, if so agreed, may pay in advance or otherwise for the reasonable cost of such assistance, and (2) he may, for the purpose of conducting examinations, investigations, and inspections, commission any officer or employee of any such authority as an officer of the Department.
(June 25, 1938, ch. 675, § 541, formerly act July 1, 1944, ch. 373, title III, § 541, formerly § 360E, as added Pub. L. 90–602, § 2(3), Oct. 18, 1968, 82 Stat. 1186; renumbered § 541 and amended Pub. L. 101–629, § 19(a)(1)(B), (3), (4), Nov. 28, 1990, 104 Stat. 4529, 4530; Pub. L. 103–80, § 4(a)(2), Aug. 13, 1993, 107 Stat. 779.)
§ 360ss. State standards
Whenever any standard prescribed pursuant to section 360kk of this title with respect to an aspect of performance of an electronic product is in effect, no State or political subdivision of a State shall have any authority either to establish, or to continue in effect, any standard which is applicable to the same aspect of performance of such product and which is not identical to the Federal standard. Nothing in this part shall be construed to prevent the Federal Government or the government of any State or political subdivision thereof from establishing a requirement with respect to emission of radiation from electronic products procured for its own use if such requirement imposes a more restrictive standard than that required to comply with the otherwise applicable Federal standard.
(June 25, 1938, ch. 675, § 542, formerly act July 1, 1944, ch. 373, title III, § 542, formerly § 360F, as added Pub. L. 90–602, § 2(3), Oct. 18, 1968, 82 Stat. 1186; renumbered § 542 and amended Pub. L. 101–629, § 19(a)(1)(B), (2)(H), (3), (4), Nov. 28, 1990, 104 Stat. 4529, 4530; Pub. L. 103–80, § 4(a)(2), Aug. 13, 1993, 107 Stat. 779.)