42 USC 294 - General provisions

Collapse to view only § 294. General provisions

§ 294. General provisions
§ 294a. Area health education centers
§ 294b. Continuing educational support for health professionals serving in rural and underserved communities
§ 294c. Education and training relating to geriatrics
§ 294d. Quentin N. Burdick program for rural interdisciplinary training
§ 294e. Allied health and other disciplines
§ 294e-1. Mental and behavioral health education and training grants
§ 294f. Advisory Committee on Interdisciplinary, Community-Based Linkages
§ 294g. Repealed.
§ 294h. Repealed.
§ 294i. Program for education and training in pain care
§ 294i-1. Emergency department alternatives to opioids program
§ 294j. Demonstration program to integrate quality improvement and patient safety training into clinical education of health professionals
§ 294k. Training demonstration program

§ 294. General provisions

(a) Collaboration

To be eligible to receive assistance under this part, an academic institution shall use such assistance in collaboration with 2 or more disciplines.

(b) Activities

An entity shall use assistance under this part to carry out innovative demonstration projects for strategic workforce supplementation activities as needed to meet national goals for interdisciplinary, community-based linkages. Such assistance may be used consistent with this part—

(1) to develop and support training programs;

(2) for faculty development;

(3) for model demonstration programs;

(4) for the provision of stipends for fellowship trainees;

(5) to provide technical assistance; and

(6) for other activities that will produce outcomes consistent with the purposes of this part.

(July 1, 1944, ch. 373, title VII, § 750, as added Pub. L. 105–392, title I, § 103, Nov. 13, 1998, 112 Stat. 3541.)

§ 294a. Area health education centers

(a) Establishment of awardsThe Secretary shall make the following 2 types of awards in accordance with this section:

(1) Infrastructure development award

The Secretary shall make awards to eligible entities to enable such entities to initiate health care workforce educational programs or to continue to carry out comparable programs that are operating at the time the award is made by planning, developing, operating, and evaluating an area health education center program.

(2) Point of service maintenance and enhancement award

The Secretary shall make awards to eligible entities to maintain and improve the effectiveness and capabilities of an existing area health education center program, and make other modifications to the program that are appropriate due to changes in demographics, needs of the populations served, or other similar issues affecting the area health education center program. For the purposes of this section, the term “Program” refers to the area health education center program.

(b) Eligible entities; application

(1) Eligible entities

(A) Infrastructure development

For purposes of subsection (a)(1), the term “eligible entity” means a school of medicine or osteopathic medicine, an incorporated consortium of such schools, or the parent institutions of such a school. With respect to a State in which no area health education center program is in operation, the Secretary may award a grant or contract under subsection (a)(1) to a school of nursing.

(B) Point of service maintenance and enhancement

For purposes of subsection (a)(2), the term “eligible entity” means an entity that has received funds under this section, is operating an area health education center program, including an area health education center or centers, and has a center or centers that are no longer eligible to receive financial assistance under subsection (a)(1).

(2) Application

An eligible entity desiring to receive an award under this section shall submit to the Secretary an application at such time, in such manner, and containing such information as the Secretary may require.

(1) Required activitiesAn eligible entity shall use amounts awarded under a grant under subsection (a)(1) or (a)(2) to carry out the following activities:

(A) Develop and implement strategies, in coordination with the applicable one-stop delivery system under section 3151(e) of title 29, to recruit individuals from underrepresented minority populations or from disadvantaged or rural backgrounds into health professions, and support such individuals in attaining such careers.

(B) Develop and implement strategies to foster and provide community-based training and education to individuals seeking careers in health professions within underserved areas for the purpose of developing and maintaining a diverse health care workforce that is prepared to deliver high-quality care, with an emphasis on primary care, in underserved areas or for health disparity populations, in collaboration with other Federal and State health care workforce development programs, the State workforce agency, and local workforce investment boards, and in health care safety net sites.

(C) Prepare individuals to more effectively provide health services to underserved areas and health disparity populations through field placements or preceptorships in conjunction with community-based organizations, accredited primary care residency training programs, Federally qualified health centers, rural health clinics, public health departments, or other appropriate facilities.

(D) Conduct and participate in interdisciplinary training that involves physicians, physician assistants, nurse practitioners, nurse midwives, dentists, psychologists, pharmacists, optometrists, community health workers, public and allied health professionals, or other health professionals, as practicable.

(E) Deliver or facilitate continuing education and information dissemination programs for health care professionals, with an emphasis on individuals providing care in underserved areas and for health disparity populations.

(F) Propose and implement effective program and outcomes measurement and evaluation strategies.

(G) Establish a youth public health program to expose and recruit high school students into health careers, with a focus on careers in public health.

(2) Innovative opportunitiesAn eligible entity may use amounts awarded under a grant under subsection (a)(1) or subsection (a)(2) to carry out any of the following activities:

(A) Develop and implement innovative curricula in collaboration with community-based accredited primary care residency training programs, Federally qualified health centers, rural health clinics, behavioral and mental health facilities, public health departments, or other appropriate facilities, with the goal of increasing the number of primary care physicians and other primary care providers prepared to serve in underserved areas and health disparity populations.

(B) Coordinate community-based participatory research with academic health centers, and facilitate rapid flow and dissemination of evidence-based health care information, research results, and best practices to improve quality, efficiency, and effectiveness of health care and health care systems within community settings.

(C) Develop and implement other strategies to address identified workforce needs and increase and enhance the health care workforce in the area served by the area health education center program.

(d) Requirements

(1) Area health education center programIn carrying out this section, the Secretary shall ensure the following:

(A) An entity that receives an award under this section shall conduct at least 10 percent of clinical education required for medical students in community settings that are removed from the primary teaching facility of the contracting institution for grantees that operate a school of medicine or osteopathic medicine. In States in which an entity that receives an award under this section is a nursing school or its parent institution, the Secretary shall alternatively ensure that—

(i) the nursing school conducts at least 10 percent of clinical education required for nursing students in community settings that are remote from the primary teaching facility of the school; and

(ii) the entity receiving the award maintains a written agreement with a school of medicine or osteopathic medicine to place students from that school in training sites in the area health education center program area.

(B) An entity receiving funds under subsection (a)(2) does not distribute such funding to a center that is eligible to receive funding under subsection (a)(1).

(2) Area health education centerThe Secretary shall ensure that each area health education center program includes at least 1 area health education center, and that each such center—

(A) is a public or private organization whose structure, governance, and operation is independent from the awardee and the parent institution of the awardee;

(B) is not a school of medicine or osteopathic medicine, the parent institution of such a school, or a branch campus or other subunit of a school of medicine or osteopathic medicine or its parent institution, or a consortium of such entities;

(C) designates an underserved area or population to be served by the center which is in a location removed from the main location of the teaching facilities of the schools participating in the program with such center and does not duplicate, in whole or in part, the geographic area or population served by any other center;

(D) fosters networking and collaboration among communities and between academic health centers and community-based centers;

(E) serves communities with a demonstrated need of health professionals in partnership with academic medical centers;

(F) addresses the health care workforce needs of the communities served in coordination with the public workforce investment system; and

(G) has a community-based governing or advisory board that reflects the diversity of the communities involved.

(e) Matching funds

With respect to the costs of operating a program through a grant under this section, to be eligible for financial assistance under this section, an entity shall make available (directly or through contributions from State, county or municipal governments, or the private sector) recurring non-Federal contributions in cash or in kind, toward such costs in an amount that is equal to not less than 50 percent of such costs. At least 25 percent of the total required non-Federal contributions shall be in cash. An entity may apply to the Secretary for a waiver of not more than 75 percent of the matching fund amount required by the entity for each of the first 3 years the entity is funded through a grant under subsection (a)(1).

(f) Limitation

Not less than 75 percent of the total amount provided to an area health education center program under subsection (a)(1) or (a)(2) shall be allocated to the area health education centers participating in the program under this section. To provide needed flexibility to newly funded area health education center programs, the Secretary may waive the requirement in the sentence for the first 2 years of a new area health education center program funded under subsection (a)(1).

(g) Award

An award to an entity under this section shall be not less than $250,000 annually per area health education center included in the program involved. If amounts appropriated to carry out this section are not sufficient to comply with the preceding sentence, the Secretary may reduce the per center amount provided for in such sentence as necessary, provided the distribution established in subsection (j)(2) is maintained.

(h) Project terms

(1) In generalExcept as provided in paragraph (2), the period during which payments may be made under an award under subsection (a)(1) may not exceed—

(A) in the case of a program, 12 years; or

(B) in the case of a center within a program, 6 years.

(2) Exception

The periods described in paragraph (1) shall not apply to programs receiving point of service maintenance and enhancement awards under subsection (a)(2) to maintain existing centers and activities.

(i) Inapplicability of provision

Notwithstanding any other provision of this subchapter, section 295j(a) of this title shall not apply to an area health education center funded under this section.

(j) Authorization of appropriations

(1) In general

There is authorized to be appropriated to carry out this section $41,250,000 for each of fiscal years 2021 through 2025.

(2)Of the amounts appropriated for a fiscal year under paragraph (1)—

(A) not more than 35 percent shall be used for awards under subsection (a)(1);

(B) not less than 60 percent shall be used for awards under subsection (a)(2);

(C) not more than 1 percent shall be used for grants and contracts to implement outcomes evaluation for the area health education centers; and

(D) not more than 4 percent shall be used for grants and contracts to provide technical assistance to entities receiving awards under this section.

(3) Carryover funds

An entity that receives an award under this section may carry over funds from 1 fiscal year to another without obtaining approval from the Secretary. In no case may any funds be carried over pursuant to the preceding sentence for more than 3 years.

(k) Sense of Congress

It is the sense of the Congress that every State have an area health education center program in effect under this section.

(July 1, 1944, ch. 373, title VII, § 751, as added Pub. L. 105–392, title I, § 103, Nov. 13, 1998, 112 Stat. 3541; amended Pub. L. 111–148, title V, § 5403(a), Mar. 23, 2010, 124 Stat. 644; Pub. L. 113–128, title V, § 512(z)(2), July 22, 2014, 128 Stat. 1716; Pub. L. 116–136, div. A, title III, § 3401(6), Mar. 27, 2020, 134 Stat. 386.)

§ 294b. Continuing educational support for health professionals serving in rural and underserved communities

(a) In general

The Secretary, as appropriate, shall make grants to, and enter into contracts with, eligible entities to support access to accredited continuing medical education for primary care physicians and health care providers at community health centers or rural health clinics to improve and increase access to care for patients in rural and medically underserved areas. Such grants or contracts may be used to improve health care, increase retention, increase representation of minority health care providers, enhance the practice environment, increase primary care physician and health care provider knowledge, and provide information dissemination and educational support to reduce professional isolation through the timely dissemination of research findings using relevant resources.

(b) Eligible entities

For purposes of this section, the term “eligible entity” means an entity described in section 295o–1(b) of this title, such as a community health center or rural health clinic.

(1) a description of how participation in activities funded under this section will help improve access to, and quality of, health care services and training needs of primary care physicians and health care providers; and

(2) a plan for providing peer-to-peer training, as appropriate.

(d) Use of funds

(1) In general

An eligible entity shall use amounts awarded under a grant or contract under this section to provide innovative supportive activities to enhance education for primary care physicians and health care providers described in subsection (a) through distance learning, continuing educational activities, collaborative conferences, and electronic and telelearning activities, with priority for primary care providers who are seeking additional education in specialty fields such as infectious disease, endocrinology, pediatrics, mental health and substance use disorders, pain management, geriatrics, and other areas, as appropriate, in order to—

(A) improve retention of primary care physicians and health care providers and increase access to specialty health care services for patients; and

(B) support access to the integration of specialty care through existing service delivery locations and care across settings.

(2) Clarification

Entities may use amounts awarded under a grant or contract under this section for continuing educational activities that include a clinical training component, including in-person patient care, in the respective community health center or rural health clinic, with the primary care physician or health care provider at such site and the clinical specialist from whom such additional training is being provided.

(e) Administrative expenses

An entity that revives a grant or contract under this section shall use not more than 5 percent of the amounts received under the grant or contract under this section for administrative expenses.

(f) Non-duplication of effort

The Secretary shall ensure that activities under this section do not unnecessarily duplicate efforts of other programs overseen by the Health Resources and Services Administration, including activities described in section 254c–20 of this title.

(g) Authorization

There is authorized to be appropriated to carry out this section $5,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2023 through 2025.

(July 1, 1944, ch. 373, title VII, § 752, as added Pub. L. 111–148, title V, § 5403(b), Mar. 23, 2010, 124 Stat. 648; amended Pub. L. 117–328, div. FF, title II, § 2227, Dec. 29, 2022, 136 Stat. 5751.)

§ 294c. Education and training relating to geriatrics

(a) Geriatrics Workforce Enhancement Program

(1) In general

The Secretary shall award grants, contracts, or cooperative agreements under this subsection to entities described in paragraph (1), (3), or (4) of section 295p of this title, section 296(2) of this title, or section 298(d) of this title, or other health professions schools or programs approved by the Secretary, for the establishment or operation of Geriatrics Workforce Enhancement Programs that meet the requirements of paragraph (2).

(2) Requirements

(A) In general

A Geriatrics Workforce Enhancement Program receiving an award under this section shall support the training of health professionals in geriatrics, including traineeships or fellowships. Such programs shall emphasize, as appropriate, patient and family engagement, integration of geriatrics with primary care and other appropriate specialties, and collaboration with community partners to address gaps in health care for older adults.

(B) ActivitiesActivities conducted by a program under this section may include the following:

(i) Clinical training on providing integrated geriatrics and primary care delivery services.

(ii) Interprofessional training to practitioners from multiple disciplines and specialties, including training on the provision of care to older adults.

(iii) Establishing or maintaining training-related community-based programs for older adults and caregivers to improve health outcomes for older adults.

(iv) Providing education on Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias to families and caregivers of older adults, direct care workers, and health professions students, faculty, and providers.

(3) Duration

Each grant, contract, or cooperative agreement or contract awarded under paragraph (1) shall be for a period not to exceed 5 years.

(4) Applications

To be eligible to receive a grant, contract, or cooperative agreement under paragraph (1), an entity described in such paragraph shall submit to the Secretary an application at such time, in such manner, and containing such information as the Secretary may require.

(5) Program requirements

(A) In generalIn awarding grants, contracts, and cooperative agreements under paragraph (1), the Secretary—

(i) shall give priority to programs that demonstrate coordination with another Federal or State program or another public or private entity;

(ii) shall give priority to applicants with programs or activities that are expected to substantially benefit rural or medically underserved populations of older adults, or serve older adults in Indian Tribes or Tribal organizations; and

(iii) may give priority to any program that—(I) integrates geriatrics into primary care practice;(II) provides training to integrate geriatric care into other specialties across care settings, including practicing clinical specialists, health care administrators, faculty without backgrounds in geriatrics, and students from all health professions;(III) emphasizes integration of geriatric care into existing service delivery locations and care across settings, including primary care clinics, medical homes, Federally qualified health centers, ambulatory care clinics, critical access hospitals, emergency care, assisted living and nursing facilities, and home- and community-based services, which may include adult daycare;(IV) supports the training and retraining of faculty, primary care providers, other direct care providers, and other appropriate professionals on geriatrics;(V) emphasizes education and engagement of family caregivers on disease management and strategies to meet the needs of caregivers of older adults; or(VI) proposes to conduct outreach to communities that have a shortage of geriatric workforce professionals.

(B) Special consideration

In awarding grants, contracts, and cooperative agreements under this section, the Secretary shall give special consideration to entities that provide services in areas with a shortage of geriatric workforce professionals.

(6) Priority

The Secretary may provide awardees with additional support for activities in areas of demonstrated need, which may include education and training for home health workers, family caregivers, and direct care workers on care for older adults.

(7) Reporting

(A) Reports from entities

Each entity awarded a grant, contract, or cooperative agreement under this section shall submit an annual report to the Secretary on the activities conducted under such grant, contract, or cooperative agreement, which may include information on the number of trainees, the number of professions and disciplines, the number of partnerships with health care delivery sites, the number of faculty and practicing professionals who participated in such programs, and other information, as the Secretary may require.

(B) Report to CongressNot later than 4 years after March 27, 2020, and every 5 years thereafter, the Secretary shall submit to the Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions of the Senate and the Committee on Energy and Commerce of the House of Representatives a report that provides a summary of the activities and outcomes associated with grants, contracts, and cooperative agreements made under this section. Such reports shall include—

(i) information on the number of trainees, faculty, and professionals who participated in programs under this section;

(ii) information on the impact of the program conducted under this section on the health status of older adults, including in areas with a shortage of health professionals; and

(iii) information on outreach and education provided under this section to families and caregivers of older adults.

The Secretary shall make reports submitted under paragraph (B) publically available on the internet website of the Department of Health and Human Services.

(b) Geriatric academic career awards

(1) Establishment of program

The Secretary shall, as appropriate, establish or maintain a program to provide geriatric academic career awards to eligible entities applying on behalf of eligible individuals to promote the career development of such individuals as academic geriatricians or other academic geriatrics health professionals.

(2) Eligibility

(A) Eligible entityFor purposes of this subsection, the term “eligible entity” means—

(i) an entity described in paragraph (1), (3), or (4) of section 295p of this title or section 296(2) of this title; or

(ii) another accredited health professions school or graduate program approved by the Secretary.

(B) Eligible individualFor purposes of this subsection, the term “eligible individual” means an individual who—

(i)(I) is board certified or board eligible in internal medicine, family practice, psychiatry, or licensed dentistry, or has completed required training in a discipline and is employed in an accredited health professions school or graduate program that is approved by the Secretary; or(II) has completed an approved fellowship program in geriatrics, or has completed specialty training in geriatrics as required by the discipline and any additional geriatrics training as required by the Secretary; and

(ii) has a junior, nontenured, faculty appointment at an accredited health professions school or graduate program in geriatrics or a geriatrics health profession.

If an eligible individual is promoted during the period of an award under this subsection and thereby no longer meets the criteria of subparagraph (B)(ii), the individual shall continue to be treated as an eligible individual through the term of the award.

(3) Application requirementsIn order to receive an award under paragraph (1), an eligible entity, on behalf of an eligible individual, shall—

(A) submit to the Secretary an application, at such time, in such manner, and containing such information as the Secretary may require;

(B) provide, in such form and manner as the Secretary may require, assurances that the eligible individual will meet the service requirement described in paragraph (6); and

(C) provide, in such form and manner as the Secretary may require, assurances that the individual has a full-time faculty appointment in a health professions institution and documented commitment from such eligible entity that the individual will spend 75 percent of the individual’s time that is supported by the award on teaching and developing skills in interdisciplinary education in geriatrics.

(4) Equitable distribution

In making awards under this subsection, the Secretary shall seek to ensure geographical distribution among award recipients, including among rural or medically underserved areas of the United States.

(5) Amount and duration

(A) Amount

The amount of an award under this subsection shall be at least $75,000 for fiscal year 2021, adjusted for subsequent years in accordance with the consumer price index. The Secretary shall determine the amount of an award under this subsection for individuals who are not physicians.

(B) Duration

The Secretary shall make awards under paragraph (1) for a period not to exceed 5 years.

(6) Service requirement

An individual who receives an award under this subsection shall provide training in clinical geriatrics, including the training of interprofessional teams of health care professionals. The provision of such training shall constitute at least 75 percent of the obligations of such individual under the award.

Notwithstanding any other provision of this subchapter, section 295j(a) of this title shall not apply to awards made under this section.

(d) Authorization of appropriations

There is authorized to be appropriated $40,737,000 for each of fiscal years 2021 through 2025 for purposes of carrying out this section.

(July 1, 1944, ch. 373, title VII, § 753, as added Pub. L. 105–392, title I, § 103, Nov. 13, 1998, 112 Stat. 3544; amended Pub. L. 107–205, title II, § 202(b), Aug. 1, 2002, 116 Stat. 817; Pub. L. 111–148, title V, § 5305(a), (b), Mar. 23, 2010, 124 Stat. 622, 624; Pub. L. 111–256, § 2(f)(5), Oct. 5, 2010, 124 Stat. 2644; Pub. L. 116–136, div. A, title III, § 3403, Mar. 27, 2020, 134 Stat. 388; Pub. L. 116–260, div. BB, title III, § 331(a), Dec. 27, 2020, 134 Stat. 2938.)

§ 294d. Quentin N. Burdick program for rural interdisciplinary training

(a) Grants

The Secretary may make grants or contracts under this section to help entities fund authorized activities under an application approved under subsection (c).

(b) Use of amounts

(1) In general

Amounts provided under subsection (a) shall be used by the recipients to fund interdisciplinary training projects designed to—

(A) use innovative or evidence-based methods to train health care practitioners to provide services in rural areas;

(B) demonstrate and evaluate innovative interdisciplinary methods and models designed to provide access to cost-effective comprehensive health care;

(D) enhance the amount of relevant research conducted concerning health care issues in rural areas; and

(E) increase the recruitment and retention of health care practitioners from rural areas and make rural practice a more attractive career choice for health care practitioners.

(2) Methods

A recipient of funds under subsection (a) may use various methods in carrying out the projects described in paragraph (1), including—

(A) the distribution of stipends to students of eligible applicants;

(B) the establishment of a post-doctoral fellowship program;

(D) the purchase or rental of transportation and telecommunication equipment where the need for such equipment due to unique characteristics of the rural area is demonstrated by the recipient.

(3) Administration

(A) In general

An applicant shall not use more than 10 percent of the funds made available to such applicant under subsection (a) for administrative expenses.

(B) Training

Not more than 10 percent of the individuals receiving training with funds made available to an applicant under subsection (a) shall be trained as doctors of medicine or doctors of osteopathy.

An institution that receives a grant under this section shall use amounts received under such grant to supplement, not supplant, amounts made available by such institution for activities of the type described in subsection (b)(1) in the fiscal year preceding the year for which the grant is received.

Applications submitted for assistance under this section shall—

(1) be jointly submitted by at least two eligible applicants with the express purpose of assisting individuals in academic institutions in establishing long-term collaborative relationships with health care providers in rural areas; and

(2) designate a rural health care agency or agencies for clinical treatment or training, including hospitals, community health centers, migrant health centers, rural health clinics, community behavioral and mental health centers, long-term care facilities, Native Hawaiian health centers, or facilities operated by the Indian Health Service or an Indian tribe or tribal organization or Indian organization under a contract with the Indian Health Service under the Indian Self-Determination Act [25 U.S.C. 5321 et seq.].

(d) Definitions

For the purposes of this section, the term “rural” means geographic areas that are located outside of standard metropolitan statistical areas.

(July 1, 1944, ch. 373, title VII, § 754, as added Pub. L. 105–392, title I, § 103, Nov. 13, 1998, 112 Stat. 3547; amended Pub. L. 116–136, div. A, title III, § 3401(7), Mar. 27, 2020, 134 Stat. 386.)

§ 294e. Allied health and other disciplines

(a) In general

The Secretary may make grants or contracts under this section to help entities fund activities of the type described in subsection (b).

(b) ActivitiesActivities of the type described in this subsection include the following:

(1) Assisting entities in meeting the costs associated with expanding or establishing programs that will increase the number of individuals trained in allied health professions. Programs and activities funded under this paragraph may include—

(A) those that expand enrollments in allied health professions with the greatest shortages or whose services are most needed by geriatric populations or for maternal and child health;

(B) those that provide rapid transition training programs in allied health fields to individuals who have baccalaureate degrees in health-related sciences;

(C) those that establish community-based allied health training programs that link academic centers to rural clinical settings;

(D) those that provide career advancement training for practicing allied health professionals;

(E) those that expand or establish clinical training sites for allied health professionals in medically underserved or rural communities in order to increase the number of individuals trained;

(F) those that develop curriculum that will emphasize knowledge and practice in the areas of prevention and health promotion, geriatrics, long-term care, home health and hospice care, and ethics;

(G) those that expand or establish interdisciplinary training programs that promote the effectiveness of allied health practitioners in geriatric assessment and the rehabilitation of the elderly;

(H) those that expand or establish demonstration centers to emphasize innovative models to link allied health clinical practice, education, and research;

(I) those that provide financial assistance (in the form of traineeships) to students who are participants in any such program; and

(i) who plan to pursue a career in an allied health field that has a demonstrated personnel shortage; and

(ii) who agree upon completion of the training program to practice in a medically underserved community;

that shall be utilized to assist in the payment of all or part of the costs associated with tuition, fees and such other stipends as the Secretary may consider necessary; and

(J) those to meet the costs of projects to plan, develop, and operate or maintain graduate programs in behavioral and mental health practice.

(2) Planning and implementing projects in preventive and primary care training for podiatric physicians in approved or provisionally approved residency programs that shall provide financial assistance in the form of traineeships to residents who participate in such projects and who plan to specialize in primary care.

(3) Carrying out demonstration projects in which chiropractors and physicians collaborate to identify and provide effective treatment for spinal and lower-back conditions.

(4) Increasing educational opportunities in physical therapy, occupational therapy, respiratory therapy, audiology, and speech-language pathology professions, which may include offering scholarships or stipends and carrying out other activities to improve retention, for individuals from disadvantaged backgrounds or individuals who are underrepresented in such professions.

(July 1, 1944, ch. 373, title VII, § 755, as added Pub. L. 105–392, title I, § 103, Nov. 13, 1998, 112 Stat. 3548; amended Pub. L. 116–136, div. A, title III, § 3401(8), Mar. 27, 2020, 134 Stat. 386; Pub. L. 117–328, div. FF, title II, § 2224, Dec. 29, 2022, 136 Stat. 5749.)

§ 294e–1. Mental and behavioral health education and training grants

(a) Grants authorized

The Secretary may award grants to eligible institutions to support the recruitment of students for, and education and clinical experience of the students in—

(1) accredited institutions of higher education or accredited professional training programs that are establishing or expanding internships or other field placement programs in mental health in psychiatry, psychology, school psychology, behavioral pediatrics, psychiatric nursing (which may include master’s and doctoral level programs), social work, school social work, substance use disorder prevention and treatment, marriage and family therapy, occupational therapy (which may include master’s and doctoral level programs), school counseling, or professional counseling, including such programs with a focus on child and adolescent mental health, trauma, and transitional-age youth;

(2) accredited doctoral, internship, and post-doctoral residency programs of health service psychology (including clinical psychology, counseling, and school psychology) for the development and implementation of interdisciplinary training of psychology graduate students for providing behavioral health services, including trauma-informed care and substance use disorder prevention and treatment services, as well as the development of faculty in health service psychology;

(3) accredited master’s and doctoral degree programs of social work for the development and implementation of interdisciplinary training of social work graduate students for providing behavioral health services, including trauma-informed care and substance use disorder prevention and treatment services, and the development of faculty in social work; and

(4) State-licensed mental health nonprofit and for-profit organizations to enable such organizations to pay for programs for preservice or in-service training in a behavioral health-related paraprofessional field with preference for preservice or in-service training of paraprofessional child and adolescent mental health workers, including training to increase skills and capacity to meet the needs of children and adolescents who have experienced trauma.

(b) Eligibility requirements

To be eligible for a grant under this section, an institution shall demonstrate—

(1) an ability to recruit and place the students described in subsection (a) in areas with a high need and high demand population;

(2) participation in the institutions’ programs of individuals and groups from different racial, ethnic, cultural, geographic, religious, linguistic, and class backgrounds, and different genders and sexual orientations;

(3) knowledge and understanding of the concerns of the individuals and groups described in paragraph (2), especially individuals with mental disorder symptoms or diagnoses, particularly children and adolescents, and transitional-age youth;

(4) any internship or other field placement program assisted under the grant will prioritize cultural and linguistic competency; and

(5) the institution will provide to the Secretary such data, assurances, and information as the Secretary may require.

For grants awarded under paragraphs (2) and (3) of subsection (a), at least 4 of the grant recipients shall be historically black colleges or universities or other minority-serving institutions.

(d) Priority

In selecting grant recipients under this section, the Secretary shall give priority to—

(1) programs that have demonstrated the ability to train psychology, psychiatry, and social work professionals to work in integrated care settings for purposes of recipients under paragraphs (1), (2), and (3) of subsection (a); and

(2) programs for paraprofessionals that emphasize the role of the family and the lived experience of the consumer and family-paraprofessional partnerships for purposes of recipients under subsection (a)(4).

(e) Report to Congress

Not later than 4 years after December 13, 2016, the Secretary shall include in the biennial report submitted to Congress under section 290aa(m) of this title an assessment on the effectiveness of the grants under this section in—

(1) providing graduate students support for experiential training (internship or field placement);

(2) recruiting students interested in behavioral health practice;

(3) recruiting students in accordance with subsection (b)(1);

(4) developing and implementing interprofessional training and integration within primary care;

(5) developing and implementing accredited field placements and internships; and

(6) collecting data on the number of students trained in behavioral health care and the number of available accredited internships and field placements.

(f) Authorization of appropriations

For each of fiscal years 2023 through 2027, there are authorized to be appropriated to carry out this section $50,000,000, to be allocated as follows:

(1) For grants described in subsection (a)(1), $15,000,000.

(2)

(3) For grants described in subsection (a)(3), $10,000,000.

(4) For grants described in subsection (a)(4), $10,000,000.

(July 1, 1944, ch. 373, title VII, § 756, as added Pub. L. 111–148, title V, § 5306(a)(3), Mar. 23, 2010, 124 Stat. 626; amended Pub. L. 114–255, div. B, title IX, § 9021, Dec. 13, 2016, 130 Stat. 1248; Pub. L. 115–271, title VII, § 7073(b), Oct. 24, 2018, 132 Stat. 4032; Pub. L. 117–328, div. FF, title I, § 1311(a), Dec. 29, 2022, 136 Stat. 5696.)

§ 294f. Advisory Committee on Interdisciplinary, Community-Based Linkages

(a) Establishment

The Secretary shall establish an advisory committee to be known as the Advisory Committee on Interdisciplinary, Community-Based Linkages (in this section referred to as the “Advisory Committee”).

(b) Composition

(1) In general

The Secretary shall determine the appropriate number of individuals to serve on the Advisory Committee. Such individuals shall not be officers or employees of the Federal Government.

(2) Appointment

Not later than 90 days after November 13, 1998, the Secretary shall appoint the members of the Advisory Committee from among individuals who are health professionals from schools of the types described in sections 294a(b)(1)(A), 294c(b), and 294e(b) of this title. In making such appointments, the Secretary shall ensure a fair balance between the health professions, that at least 75 percent of the members of the Advisory Committee are health professionals, a broad geographic representation of members and a balance between urban and rural members. Members shall be appointed based on their competence, interest, and knowledge of the mission of the profession involved.

(3) Minority representation

In appointing the members of the Advisory Committee under paragraph (2), the Secretary shall ensure the adequate representation of women and minorities.

(1) In general

A member of the Advisory Committee shall be appointed for a term of 3 years, except that of the members first appointed—

(A) ⅓ of the members shall serve for a term of 1 year;

(B) ⅓ of the members shall serve for a term of 2 years; and

(2) Vacancies

(A) In general

A vacancy on the Advisory Committee shall be filled in the manner in which the original appointment was made and shall be subject to any conditions which applied with respect to the original appointment.

(B) Filling unexpired term

An individual chosen to fill a vacancy shall be appointed for the unexpired term of the member replaced.

(d) Duties

The Advisory Committee shall—

(1) provide advice and recommendations to the Secretary concerning policy and program development and other matters of significance concerning the activities under this part;

(2) not later than 3 years after November 13, 1998, and annually thereafter, prepare and submit to the Secretary, and the Committee on Labor and Human Resources of the Senate, and the Committee on Commerce of the House of Representatives, a report describing the activities of the Committee, including findings and recommendations made by the Committee concerning the activities under this part;

(3) develop, publish, and implement performance measures for programs under this part;

(4) develop and publish guidelines for longitudinal evaluations (as described in section 294n(d)(2) of this title) for programs under this part; and

(5) recommend appropriation levels for programs under this part.

(e) Meetings and documents

(1) Meetings

The Advisory Committee shall meet not less than 3 times each year. Such meetings shall be held jointly with other related entities established under this subchapter where appropriate.

(2) Documents

Not later than 14 days prior to the convening of a meeting under paragraph (1), the Advisory Committee shall prepare and make available an agenda of the matters to be considered by the Advisory Committee at such meeting. At any such meeting, the Advisory Council 1

1 So in original. Probably should be “Committee”.

shall distribute materials with respect to the issues to be addressed at the meeting. Not later than 30 days after the adjourning of such a meeting, the Advisory Committee shall prepare and make available a summary of the meeting and any actions taken by the Committee based upon the meeting.

(f) Compensation and expenses

(1) Compensation

Each member of the Advisory Committee shall be compensated at a rate equal to the daily equivalent of the annual rate of basic pay prescribed for level IV of the Executive Schedule under section 5315 of title 5 for each day (including travel time) during which such member is engaged in the performance of the duties of the Committee.

(2) Expenses

The members of the Advisory Committee shall be allowed travel expenses, including per diem in lieu of subsistence, at rates authorized for employees of agencies under subchapter I of chapter 57 of title 5 while away from their homes or regular places of business in the performance of services for the Committee.

(g) Chapter 10 of title 5

Chapter 10 of title 5 shall apply to the Advisory Committee under this section only to the extent that the provisions of chapter 10 of title 5 do not conflict with the requirements of this section.

(July 1, 1944, ch. 373, title VII, § 757, formerly § 756, as added Pub. L. 105–392, title I, § 103, Nov. 13, 1998, 112 Stat. 3549; renumbered § 757 and amended Pub. L. 111–148, title V, §§ 5103(d)(2), 5306(a)(2), (b), Mar. 23, 2010, 124 Stat. 606, 626, 628; Pub. L. 117–286, § 4(a)(238), Dec. 27, 2022, 136 Stat. 4331.)

§ 294g. Repealed. Pub. L. 111–148, title V, § 5306(a)(1), Mar. 23, 2010, 124 Stat. 626

§ 294h. Repealed. Pub. L. 113–4, title V, § 501(b)(2), Mar. 7, 2013, 127 Stat. 101

§ 294i. Program for education and training in pain care

(a) In general

The Secretary may make awards of grants, cooperative agreements, and contracts to health professions schools, hospices, tribal health programs (as defined in section 1603 of title 25), and other public and nonprofit private entities for the development and implementation of programs to provide education and training to health care professionals in pain care.

(b) Certain topics

An entity receiving an award under this section shall develop a comprehensive education and training plan that includes information and education on—

(1) recognized means for assessing, diagnosing, preventing, treating, and managing pain and related signs and symptoms, including non-addictive medical products and non-pharmacologic treatments and the medically appropriate use of controlled substances;

(2) applicable Federal, State, and local laws, regulations, rules, and policies on controlled substances, including opioids;

(3) interdisciplinary approaches to the delivery of pain care, including delivery through specialized centers providing comprehensive pain care treatment expertise, integrated, evidence-based pain management, and, as appropriate, non-pharmacotherapy;

(4) cultural, linguistic, literacy, geographic, and other barriers to care in underserved populations;

(5) recent findings, developments, and advancements in pain care research and the provision of pain care, which may include non-addictive medical products and non-pharmacologic treatments intended to treat pain; and

(6) the dangers of opioid abuse and misuse, detection of early warning signs of opioid use disorders (which may include best practices related to screening for opioid use disorders, training on screening, brief intervention, and referral to treatment), and safe disposal options for prescription medications (including such options provided by law enforcement or other innovative deactivation mechanisms).

The Secretary shall (directly or through grants or contracts) provide for the evaluation of programs implemented under subsection (a) in order to determine the effect of such programs on knowledge and practice of pain care.

(d) Pain care defined

For purposes of this section the term “pain care” means the assessment, diagnosis, prevention, treatment, or management of acute or chronic pain regardless of causation or body location.

(e) Authorization of appropriations

There is authorized to be appropriated to carry out this section, such sums as may be necessary for each of the fiscal years 2019 through 2023. Amounts appropriated under this subsection shall remain available until expended.

(July 1, 1944, ch. 373, title VII, § 759, as added Pub. L. 111–148, title IV, § 4305(c), Mar. 23, 2010, 124 Stat. 586; amended Pub. L. 115–271, title VII, § 7073(a), Oct. 24, 2018, 132 Stat. 4031.)

§ 294i–1. Emergency department alternatives to opioids program

(a) Grant program

(1) In general

The Secretary of Health and Human Services (in this section referred to as the “Secretary”) shall carry out a program for purposes of awarding grants to hospitals and emergency departments, including freestanding emergency departments, to develop, implement, enhance, or study alternatives to opioids for pain management in such settings.

(2) Eligibility

To be eligible to receive a grant under paragraph (1), a hospital or emergency department shall submit an application to the Secretary at such time, in such manner, and containing such information as the Secretary may require.

(3) Geographic distribution

In awarding grants under this section, the Secretary shall seek to ensure geographical distribution among grant recipients.

(4) Use of fundsGrants under paragraph (1) shall be used to—

(A) target treatment approaches for painful conditions frequently treated in such settings;

(B) train providers and other hospital personnel on protocols or best practices related to the use and prescription of opioids and alternatives to opioids for pain management in the emergency department; and

(b) Additional program

The Secretary may carry out a demonstration program 1

1 So in original. Probably should be “a program”.

similar to the program under subsection (a) for other acute care settings.

The Secretary shall implement a process for recipients of grants under subsection (a) or (b) to share evidence-based and best practices and promote consultation with persons having robust knowledge, including emergency departments and physicians that have successfully implemented programs that use alternatives to opioids for pain management, as appropriate, such as approaches studied through the National Center for Complimentary and Integrative Health or other institutes and centers at the National Institutes of Health, as appropriate. The Secretary shall offer to each recipient of a grant under subsection (a) or (b) technical assistance as necessary.

(d) Technical assistanceThe Secretary shall identify or facilitate the development of best practices on alternatives to opioids for pain management and provide technical assistance to hospitals and other acute care settings on alternatives to opioids for pain management. The technical assistance provided shall be for the purpose of—

(1) utilizing information from recipients of a grant under subsection (a) or (b) that have successfully implemented alternatives to opioids programs;

(2) identifying or facilitating the development of best practices on the use of alternatives to opioids, which may include pain-management strategies that involve non-addictive medical products, non-pharmacologic treatments, and technologies or techniques to identify patients at risk for opioid use disorder;

(3) identifying or facilitating the development of best practices on the use of alternatives to opioids that target common painful conditions and include certain patient populations, such as geriatric patients, pregnant women, and children; and

(4) disseminating information on the use of alternatives to opioids to providers in acute care settings, which may include emergency departments, outpatient clinics, critical access hospitals, Federally qualified health centers, Indian Health Service health facilities, and Tribal hospitals.

(e) Report to the SecretaryEach recipient of a grant under this section shall submit to the Secretary (during the period of such grant) annual reports on the progress of the program funded through the grant. These reports shall include, in accordance with all applicable State and Federal privacy laws—

(1) a description of and specific information about the opioid alternative pain management programs, including the demographic characteristics of patients who were treated with an alternative pain management protocol, implemented in hospitals, emergency departments, and other acute care settings;

(2) data on the opioid alternative pain management strategies used, including the number of opioid prescriptions written—

(A) during a baseline period before the program began; or

(B) at various stages of the program; and

(3) data on patients who were eventually prescribed opioids after alternative pain management protocols and treatments were utilized; and

(4) any other information the Secretary determines appropriate.

(f) Reports to CongressNot later than the end of each of fiscal years 2024 and 2027, the Secretary shall submit to the Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions of the Senate and the Committee on Energy and Commerce of the House of Representatives a report on the results of the program and include in the report—

(1) the number of applications received and the number funded;

(2) a summary of the reports described in subsection (e), including data that allows for comparison of programs; and

(3) recommendations for broader implementation of pain management strategies that encourage the use of alternatives to opioids in hospitals, emergency departments, or other acute care settings.

(g) Authorization of appropriations

To carry out this section, there is authorized to be appropriated $10,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2023 through 2027.

(Pub. L. 115–271, title VII, § 7091, Oct. 24, 2018, 132 Stat. 4035; Pub. L. 117–328, div. FF, title I, § 1221, Dec. 29, 2022, 136 Stat. 5673.)

§ 294j. Demonstration program to integrate quality improvement and patient safety training into clinical education of health professionals

(a) In general

The Secretary may award grants to eligible entities or consortia under this section to carry out demonstration projects to develop and implement academic curricula that integrates 1

1 So in original. Probably should be “integrate”.

quality improvement and patient safety in the clinical education of health professionals. Such awards shall be made on a competitive basis and pursuant to peer review.

(b) EligibilityTo be eligible to receive a grant under subsection (a), an entity or consortium shall—

(1) submit to the Secretary an application at such time, in such manner, and containing such information as the Secretary may require;

(2) be or include—

(A) a health professions school;

(B) a school of public health;

(D) a school of nursing;

(E) a school of pharmacy;

(F) an institution with a graduate medical education program; or

(G) a school of health care administration;

(3) collaborate in the development of curricula described in subsection (a) with an organization that accredits such school or institution;

(4) provide for the collection of data regarding the effectiveness of the demonstration project; and

(5) provide matching funds in accordance with subsection (c).

(1) In general

The Secretary may award a grant to an entity or consortium under this section only if the entity or consortium agrees to make available non-Federal contributions toward the costs of the program to be funded under the grant in an amount that is not less than $1 for each $5 of Federal funds provided under the grant.

(2) Determination of amount contributed

Non-Federal contributions under paragraph (1) may be in cash or in-kind, fairly evaluated, including equipment or services. Amounts provided by the Federal Government, or services assisted or subsidized to any significant extent by the Federal Government, may not be included in determining the amount of such contributions.

(d) Evaluation

The Secretary shall take such action as may be necessary to evaluate the projects funded under this section and publish, make publicly available, and disseminate the results of such evaluations on as wide a basis as is practicable.

(e) ReportsNot later than 2 years after March 23, 2010, and annually thereafter, the Secretary shall submit to the Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions and the Committee on Finance of the Senate and the Committee on Energy and Commerce and the Committee on Ways and Means of the House of Representatives a report that—

(1) describes the specific projects supported under this section; and

(2) contains recommendations for Congress based on the evaluation conducted under subsection (d).

(Pub. L. 111–148, title III, § 3508, Mar. 23, 2010, 124 Stat. 530.)

§ 294k. Training demonstration program

(a) In generalThe Secretary shall establish a training demonstration program to award grants to eligible entities to support—

(1) training for medical residents and fellows to practice psychiatry and addiction medicine in underserved, community-based settings that integrate primary care with mental health and substance use disorder prevention and treatment services;

(2) training (including for individuals completing clinical training requirements for licensure) for nurse practitioners, physician assistants, health service psychologists, counselors, nurses, and social workers to provide mental health and substance use disorder services in underserved community-based settings that integrate primary care and mental health and substance use disorder services, including such settings that serve pediatric populations; and

(3) establishing, maintaining, or improving academic units or programs that—

(A) provide training for students or faculty, including through clinical experiences and research, to improve the ability to be able to recognize, diagnose, and treat mental health and substance use disorders, with a special focus on addiction or pediatric populations; or

(B) develop evidence-based practices or recommendations for the design of the units or programs described in subparagraph (A), including curriculum span standards.

(b) Activities

(1) Training for residents and fellowsA recipient of a grant under subsection (a)(1)—

(A) shall use the grant funds—

(i)(I) to plan, develop, and operate a training program for medical psychiatry residents and fellows in addiction medicine practicing in eligible entities described in subsection (c)(1); or(II) to train new psychiatric residents and fellows in addiction medicine to provide and expand access to integrated mental health and substance use disorder services; and

(ii) to provide at least 1 training track that is—(I) a virtual training track that includes an in-person rotation at a teaching health center or in a community-based setting, followed by a virtual rotation in which the resident or fellow continues to support the care of patients at the teaching health center or in the community-based setting through the use of health information technology and, as appropriate, telehealth services;(II) an in-person training track that includes a rotation, during which the resident or fellow practices at a teaching health center or in a community-based setting; or(III) an in-person training track that includes a rotation during which the resident practices in a community-based setting that specializes in the treatment of infants, children, adolescents, or pregnant or postpartum women; and

(B) may use the grant funds to provide additional support for the administration of the program or to meet the costs of projects to establish, maintain, or improve faculty development, or departments, divisions, or other units necessary to implement such training.

(2) Training for other providersA recipient of a grant under subsection (a)(2)—

(A) shall use the grant funds to plan, develop, or operate a training program to provide mental health and substance use disorder services in underserved, community-based settings (including such settings that serve pediatric populations), as appropriate, that integrate primary care and mental health and substance use disorder prevention and treatment services; and

(3) Academic units or programs

A recipient of a grant under subsection (a)(3) shall enter into a partnership with organizations such as an education accrediting organization (such as the Liaison Committee on Medical Education, the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education, the Commission on Osteopathic College Accreditation, the Accreditation Commission for Education in Nursing, the Commission on Collegiate Nursing Education, the Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education, the Council on Social Work Education, American Psychological Association Commission on Accreditation, or the Accreditation Review Commission on Education for the Physician Assistant) to carry out activities under subsection (a)(3).

(1) Training for residents and fellowsTo be eligible to receive a grant under subsection (a)(1), an entity shall—

(A) be a consortium consisting of—

(i) at least one teaching health center; and

(ii) the sponsoring institution (or parent institution of the sponsoring institution) of—(I) a psychiatry residency program that is accredited by the Accreditation Council of Graduate Medical Education (or the parent institution of such a program); or(II) a fellowship in addiction medicine, as determined appropriate by the Secretary; or

(B) be an entity described in subparagraph (A)(ii) that provides opportunities for residents or fellows to train in community-based settings that integrate primary care with mental health and substance use disorder prevention and treatment services.

(2) Training for other providersTo be eligible to receive a grant under subsection (a)(2), an entity shall be—

(A) a teaching health center (as defined in section 293l–1(f) of this title);

(B) a Federally qualified health center (as defined in section 1396d(l)(2)(B) of this title);

(D) a rural health clinic (as defined in section 1395x(aa) of this title);

(E) a health center operated by the Indian Health Service, an Indian tribe, a tribal organization, or an urban Indian organization (as defined in section 1603 of title 25); or

(F) an entity with a demonstrated record of success in providing training for nurse practitioners, physician assistants, health service psychologists counselors, nurses,,1

1 So in original.

and social workers, including such entities that serve pediatric populations.

(3) Academic units or programs

To be eligible to receive a grant under subsection (a)(3), an entity shall be a school of medicine or osteopathic medicine, a nursing school, a physician assistant training program, a school of pharmacy, a school of social work, an accredited public or nonprofit private hospital, an accredited medical residency program, or a public or private nonprofit entity which the Secretary has determined is capable of carrying out such grant.

(d) Priority

(1) In generalIn awarding grants under subsection (a)(1) or (a)(2), the Secretary shall give priority to eligible entities that—

(A) demonstrate sufficient size, scope, and capacity to undertake the requisite training of an appropriate number of psychiatric residents, fellows, health service psychologists, nurses nurse 1 practitioners, physician assistants counselors,,1 or social workers in addiction medicine per year to meet the needs of the area served;

(B) demonstrate experience in training providers to practice team-based care that integrates mental health and substance use disorder prevention and treatment services with primary care in community-based settings, which may include such settings that serve pediatric populations;

(i) the delivery of mental health and substance use disorder services at the eligible entities described in subsections (c)(1) and (c)(2); and

(ii) community health centers in integrating primary care and mental health and substance use disorder treatment; or

(D) have the capacity to expand access to mental health and substance use disorder services in areas with demonstrated need, as determined by the Secretary, such as tribal, rural, or other underserved communities.

(2) Academic units or programsIn awarding grants under subsection (a)(3), the Secretary shall give priority to eligible entities that—

(A) have a record of training the greatest percentage of mental health and substance use disorder providers who enter and remain in these fields or who enter and remain in settings with integrated primary care and mental and substance use disorder prevention and treatment services;

(B) have a record of training individuals who are from underrepresented minority groups, including native populations, or from a rural or disadvantaged background;

(C) provide training in the care (which may include trauma-informed care, as appropriate) of vulnerable populations such as infants, children, adolescents, pregnant and postpartum women, older adults, homeless individuals, victims of abuse or trauma, individuals with disabilities, and other groups as defined by the Secretary;

(D) teach trainees the skills to provide interprofessional, integrated care through collaboration among health professionals; or

(E) provide training in cultural competency and health literacy.

(e) Duration

Grants awarded under this section shall be for a minimum of 5 years.

(f) Study and report

(1) Study

(A) In general

The Secretary, acting through the Administrator of the Health Resources and Services Administration, shall conduct a study on the results of the demonstration program under this section.

(B) Data submission

Not later than 90 days after the completion of the first year of the training program and each subsequent year that the program is in effect, each recipient of a grant under subsection (a) shall submit to the Secretary such data as the Secretary may require for analysis for the report described in paragraph (2).

(2) Report to CongressNot later than 1 year after receipt of the data described in paragraph (1)(B), the Secretary shall submit to Congress a report that includes—

(A) an analysis of the effect of the demonstration program under this section on the quality, quantity, and distribution of mental health and substance use disorder services;

(B) an analysis of the effect of the demonstration program on the prevalence of untreated mental health and substance use disorders in the surrounding communities of health centers participating in the demonstration; and

(g) Authorization of appropriations

There are authorized to be appropriated to carry out this section, and 1 $31,700,000 for each of fiscal years 2023 through 2027.

(July 1, 1944, ch. 373, title VII, § 760, as added Pub. L. 114–255, div. B, title IX, § 9022, Dec. 13, 2016, 130 Stat. 1250; amended Pub. L. 117–328, div. FF, title I, § 1311(b), Dec. 29, 2022, 136 Stat. 5696.)