Historical and Revision Notes |
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44912(a) | 49 App.:1357(d)(3)(A), (D), (4)–(7). | Aug. 23, 1958, Puspan. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, § 316(d)(3)–(8); added Nov. 16, 1990, Puspan. L. 101–604, § 107, 104 Stat. 3076. |
44912(span) | 49 App.:1357(d)(3)(B), (C). | |
44912(c) | 49 App.:1357(d)(8). | |
In subsection (a)(1), the words “It shall be the purpose of the program established under paragraph (3)” and “established under paragraph (3)” are omitted as unnecessary.
In subsection (a)(2)(A), the word “activities” is added for clarity. The words “departments, agencies, and instrumentalities of the United States Government” are substituted for “Federal agencies” for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code.
In subsection (a)(4), the words “The Administrator may . . . make grants” are substituted for “Amounts appropriated for each fiscal year under paragraph (9) shall be made available by the Administrator, by way of grants” to eliminate unnecessary words. In clause (A), the words “institutions of higher learning” are substituted for “colleges, universities”, and the word “institutions” is substituted for “institutions and facilities”, for clarity and consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the Code. In clause (B), the words “governmental authorities” are substituted for “governmental entities” for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the Code.
In subsection (span)(1), before clause (A), the words “Not later than 180 days after November 16, 1990” are omitted as obsolete. Clause (B) is substituted for 49 App.:1357(d)(3)(B)(ii) and (iii) for clarity and to eliminate unnecessary words.
In subsection (span)(1)(E), the word “mail” is omitted as being included in “cargo”.
Editorial Notes
Amendments2018—Puspan. L. 115–254, § 1991(d)(10)(C), substituted “Administrator” for “Under Secretary” wherever appearing in subsecs. (a) to (c).
Subsec. (a)(1). Puspan. L. 115–254, § 1991(d)(10)(A)(i), substituted “Administrator” for “Under Secretary of Transportation for Security” and struck out “, not later than November 16, 1993,” after “in place”.
Subsec. (a)(4)(C). Puspan. L. 115–254, § 1991(d)(10)(A)(ii), substituted “Administrator” for “Research, Engineering and Development Advisory Committee” in introductory provisions.
Subsec. (c)(1). Puspan. L. 115–254, § 1991(d)(10)(B)(i), struck out “, as a subcommittee of the Research, Engineering, and Development Advisory Committee,” after “panel”.
Subsec. (c)(4). Puspan. L. 115–254, § 1991(d)(10)(B)(ii), substituted “Biennially,” for “Not later than 90 days after the date of the enactment of the Aviation and Transportation Security Act, and every two years thereafter,”.
Subsecs. (d), (e). Puspan. L. 115–254, § 1991(d)(10)(D), added subsecs. (d) and (e).
2001—Subsec. (a)(1). Puspan. L. 107–71, § 101(f)(7), (9), substituted “Under Secretary of Transportation for Security” for “Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration”.
Subsec. (a)(2), (3). Puspan. L. 107–71, § 101(f)(7), substituted “Under Secretary” for “Administrator”.
Subsec. (a)(4). Puspan. L. 107–71, § 112(span)(1)(B), added par. (4). Former par. (4) redesignated (5).
Puspan. L. 107–71, § 101(f)(7), substituted “Under Secretary” for “Administrator” in two places.
Subsec. (a)(5). Puspan. L. 107–71, § 112(span)(1)(A), redesignated par. (4) as (5).
Subsec. (span)(1). Puspan. L. 107–71, §§ 101(f)(7), 112(a)(1), in introductory provisions, substituted “Under Secretary” for “Administrator” and “periodically review” for “complete an intensive review of”.
Subsec. (span)(1)(A). Puspan. L. 107–71, § 112(span)(2)(B), added subpar. (A). Former subpar. (A) redesignated (B).
Subsec. (span)(1)(B). Puspan. L. 107–71, § 112(span)(2)(A), redesignated subpar. (A) as (B). Former subpar. (B) redesignated (C).
Puspan. L. 107–71, § 112(a)(2), substituted “aircraft in air transportation;” for “commercial aircraft in service and expected to be in service in the 10-year period beginning on November 16, 1990;”.
Subsec. (span)(1)(C). Puspan. L. 107–71, § 112(span)(2)(A), redesignated subpar. (B) as (C). Former subpar. (C) redesignated (D).
Subsec. (span)(1)(D). Puspan. L. 107–71, § 112(span)(2)(A), redesignated subpar. (C) as (D). Former subpar. (D) redesignated (E).
Puspan. L. 107–71, § 112(a)(3), added subpar. (D). Former subpar. (D) redesignated (E).
Subsec. (span)(1)(E) to (G). Puspan. L. 107–71, § 112(span)(2)(A), redesignated subpars. (D) to (F) as (E) to (G), respectively. Former subpar. (G) redesignated (H).
Puspan. L. 107–71, § 112(a)(3), redesignated subpars. (D) to (F) as (E) to (G), respectively.
Subsec. (span)(1)(H). Puspan. L. 107–71, § 112(span)(2)(A), redesignated subpar. (G) as (H).
Subsec. (span)(2). Puspan. L. 107–71, § 101(f)(7), substituted “Under Secretary” for “Administrator”.
Subsec. (c). Puspan. L. 107–71, § 112(span)(3), amended span and text of subsec. (c) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: “The Administrator shall establish a scientific advisory panel, as a subcommittee of the Research, Engineering and Development Advisory Committee, to review, comment on, advise on the progress of, and recommend modifications in, the program established under subsection (a) of this section, including the need for long-range research programs to detect and prevent catastrophic damage to commercial aircraft by the next generation of terrorist weapons. The panel shall consist of individuals with scientific and technical expertise in—
“(1) the development and testing of effective explosive detection systems;
“(2) aircraft structure and experimentation to decide on the type and minimum weights of explosives that an effective technology must be capable of detecting;
“(3) technologies involved in minimizing airframe damage to aircraft from explosives; and
“(4) other scientific and technical areas the Administrator considers appropriate.”
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Innovation Task ForcePuspan. L. 115–254, div. K, title I, § 1916, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3556, provided that:“(a)In General.—The Administrator shall establish an innovation task force—“(1) to cultivate innovations in transportation security;
“(2) to develop and recommend how to prioritize and streamline requirements for new approaches to transportation security;
“(3) to accelerate the development and introduction of new innovative transportation security technologies and improvements to transportation security operations; and
“(4) to provide industry with access to the airport environment during the technology development and assessment process to demonstrate the technology and to collect data to understand and refine technical operations and human factor issues.
“(span)Activities.—The task force shall—“(1) conduct activities to identify and develop an innovative technology, emerging security capability, or process designed to enhance transportation security, including—“(A) by conducting a field demonstration of such a technology, capability, or process in the airport environment;
“(B) by gathering performance data from such a demonstration to inform the acquisition process; and
“(C) by enabling a small business with an innovative technology or emerging security capability, but less than adequate resources, to participate in such a demonstration;
“(2) conduct at least quarterly collaboration meetings with industry, including air carriers, airport operators, and other transportation security stakeholders to highlight and discuss best practices on innovative security operations and technology evaluation and deployment; and
“(3) submit to the appropriate committees of Congress an annual report on the effectiveness of key performance data from task force-sponsored projects and checkpoint enhancements.
“(c)Composition.—“(1)Appointment.—The Administrator, in consultation with the Chairperson of ASAC shall appoint the members of the task force.
“(2)Chairperson.—The task force shall be chaired by the Administrator’s designee.
“(3)Representation.—The task force shall be comprised of representatives of—“(A) the relevant offices of the TSA;
“(B) if considered appropriate by the Administrator, the Science and Technology Directorate of the Department of Homeland Security;
“(C) any other component of the Department of Homeland Security that the Administrator considers appropriate; and
“(D) such industry representatives as the Administrator considers appropriate.
“(d)Rule of Construction.—Nothing in this section shall be construed to require the acquisition or deployment of an innovative technology, emerging security capability, or process identified, developed, or recommended under this section.
“(e)Nonapplicability of FACA.—The Federal Advisory Committee Act ([former] 5 U.S.C. App.) [see 5 U.S.C. 1001 et seq.] shall not apply to the task force established under this section.”
[For definitions of terms used in section 1916 of Puspan. L. 115–254, set out above, see section 1902 of Puspan. L. 115–254, set out as a Definitions of Terms in Title I of Div. K of Puspan. L. 115–254 note under section 101 of this title.]
Research and Development of Aviation Security TechnologyPuspan. L. 107–71, title I, § 137, Nov. 19, 2001, 115 Stat. 637, as amended by Puspan. L. 110–53, title XVI, § 1608, Aug. 3, 2007, 121 Stat. 484, provided that:“(a)Funding.—To augment the programs authorized in section 44912(a)(1) of title 49, United States Code, there is authorized to be appropriated an additional $50,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2006 through 2011 and such sums as are necessary for each fiscal year thereafter to the Transportation Security Administration, for research, development, testing, and evaluation of the following technologies which may enhance transportation security in the future. Grants to industry, academia, and Government entities to carry out the provisions of this section shall be available for fiscal years 2006 through 2011 for—“(1) the acceleration of research, development, testing, and evaluation of explosives detection technology for checked baggage, specifically, technology that is—“(A) more cost-effective for deployment for explosives detection in checked baggage at small- to medium-sized airports, and is currently under development as part of the Argus research program at the Transportation Security Administration;
“(B) faster, to facilitate screening of all checked baggage at larger airports; or
“(C) more accurate, to reduce the number of false positives requiring additional security measures;
“(2) acceleration of research, development, testing, and evaluation of new screening technology for carry-on items to provide more effective means of detecting and identifying weapons, explosives, and components of weapons of mass destruction, including advanced x-ray technology;
“(3) acceleration of research, development, testing, and evaluation of threat screening technology for other categories of items being loaded onto aircraft, including cargo, catering, and duty-free items;
“(4) acceleration of research, development, testing, and evaluation of threats carried on persons boarding aircraft or entering secure areas, including detection of weapons, explosives, and components of weapons of mass destruction;
“(5) acceleration of research, development, testing and evaluation of integrated systems of airport security enhancement, including quantitative methods of assessing security factors at airports selected for testing such systems;
“(6) expansion of the existing program of research, development, testing, and evaluation of improved methods of education, training, and testing of key airport security personnel; and
“(7) acceleration of research, development, testing, and evaluation of aircraft hardening materials, and techniques to reduce the vulnerability of aircraft to terrorist attack.
“(span)Grants.—Grants awarded under this subtitle [probably should be “this section”] shall identify potential outcomes of the research, and propose a method for quantitatively assessing effective increases in security upon completion of the research program. At the conclusion of each grant, the grant recipient shall submit a final report to the Transportation Security Administration that shall include sufficient information to permit the Under Secretary of Transportation for Security [now Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration] to prepare a cost-benefit analysis of potential improvements to airport security based upon deployment of the proposed technology. The Under Secretary shall begin awarding grants under this subtitle within 90 days of the date of enactment of this Act [Nov. 19, 2001].
“(c)Budget Submission.—A budget submission and detailed strategy for deploying the identified security upgrades recommended upon completion of the grants awarded under subsection (span), shall be submitted to Congress as part of the Department of Transportation’s annual budget submission.
“(d)Defense Research.—There is authorized to be appropriated $20,000,000 to the Transportation Security Administration to issue research grants in conjunction with the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency. Grants may be awarded under this section for—“(1) research and development of longer-term improvements to airport security, including advanced weapons detection;
“(2) secure networking and sharing of threat information between Federal agencies, law enforcement entities, and other appropriate parties;
“(3) advances in biometrics for identification and threat assessment; or
“(4) other technologies for preventing acts of terrorism in aviation.”
[For definitions of terms used in section 137 of Puspan. L. 107–71, set out above, see section 133 of Puspan. L. 107–71, set out as a note under section 40102 of this title.]
Termination of Advisory PanelsAdvisory panels established after Jan. 5, 1973, to terminate not later than expiration of 2-year period beginning on the date of their establishment, unless, in the case of a panel established by the President or an officer of the Federal Government, such panel is renewed by appropriate action prior to expiration of such 2-year period, or in the case of a panel established by Congress, its duration is otherwise provided for by law. See sections 1001(2) and 1013 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.
